{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:47:41Z","timestamp":1789620461639,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Antimicrobial resistance encoded by mobile colistin resistance (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) genes is a global and emergent threat. In this study, we report the occurrence of two different populations of colistin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    harboring\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-4<\/jats:italic>\n                    variants in the intestinal microbiome of a healthy pig. Following antimicrobial susceptibility determination, the presence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes in two\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains, isolated according to different selective microbiological procedures, was screened by PCR. Whole-genome sequencing confirmed that both strains were multidrug-resistant; INIAV_002EC was an AmpC producer carrying\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CMY-2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>TEM-1B<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">qnrS1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-1.1<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes, and INIAV_001EC carrying\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>TEM-1A<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tetB<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-4.1<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes, along with mutations in quinolone resistance-determining regions. In addition, both strains harbored\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">sul3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">dfrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">aadA1<\/jats:italic>\n                    determinants. Further genome analysis revealed different plasmid replicons associated with the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes, IncX4 associated with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-1.1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and ColE10 with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-4.1<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In addition, other replicons, including IncFIA, IncI1-I\u03b3, IncX1, IncY, in INIAV_002EC, and IncX1, IncI1, and p0111, in INIAV_001EC, were identified. Furthermore, both strains belonged to ST215 serotype O68:H12 and ST156 serotype O25:H28, respectively. This finding highlights the pig gut flora as a potential reservoir of mobile colistin resistance genes and reports the presence of the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-4.1<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene found for the first time in Portugal.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2022.0228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T11:44:26Z","timestamp":1679053466000},"page":"78-84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Plasmid-Mediated Colistin Resistance Genes\n                    <i>mcr-1<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>mcr-4<\/i>\n                    in Multidrug-Resistant\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    Strains Isolated from a Healthy Pig in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5139-3268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Amaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV, IP), Oeiras, Portugal."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5782-8920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Le\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV, IP), Oeiras, Portugal."},{"name":"University of \u00c9vora, MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, \u00c9vora, Portugal."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0659-5132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV, IP), Oeiras, Portugal."},{"name":"Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV, IP), Oeiras, Portugal."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2064-2046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lurdes","family":"Clemente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV, IP), Oeiras, Portugal."},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, CIISA\u2014Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Lisbon, Portugal."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00424-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.27.30280"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","first-page":"e00543","article-title":"Novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-3 in Escherichia coli","volume":"8","author":"Yin W","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yin W, , Li H, , Shen Y, et al. 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