{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T12:19:08Z","timestamp":1780316348065,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant infections has rendered the healthcare systems ineffective in managing infectious diseases. Drugs of \u201clast resort\u201d like carbapenems and polymyxins are becoming less effective in the management of antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections, leaving the clinicians with limited choices. Evaluation of the efficacy of other available broad-spectrum antibiotics (belonging to a different class) is warranted as a treatment alternative. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    antibacterial activity of minocycline and a new drug, omadacycline among carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), isolated from clinical samples (pus and sputum) and to genotypically analyze them. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in a 3,200-bedded tertiary care medical center, located in Lucknow in the northern part of India. All the clinical isolates recovered from pus and sputum samples of patients admitted in intensive care units were processed according to the standard protocols. Identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed, and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CRGNB) showing resistance to minocycline were included in the study. Molecular screening of \u03b2-lactamase and tetracycline resistance genes was done by the conventional polymerase chain reaction method. Minimum inhibitory concentration analysis was performed using the broth microdilution technique. Among 700 CRGNB, 15.29% (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 107\/700) were minocycline resistant by disk diffusion method. Genetic analysis demonstrated the presence of tetracycline-resistant genes in about one-third isolates, among which the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    (B) gene was present in 41.12% (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 44\/107). Upon broth microdilution analysis, the overall minimum inhibitory concentration for minocycline was raised, wherein 4.76% (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 5\/107) of our clinical Gram-negative isolates were inhibited at \u22648\u2009mg\/L and 15.23% (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 28\/107) were inhibited at \u226416\u2009mg\/L. Omadacycline was able to inhibit 13.08% (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 14\/107) of the minocycline-resistant isolates at \u22644\u2009mg\/L (susceptible breakpoint for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterobacterales<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Based on the cut-off value proposed, 15.09% (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 16\/107) isolates resistant to minocycline were inhibited by omadacycline. High prevalence of multidrug-resistant bugs entails judicious use of minocycline and omadacycline. The presence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes coexisting with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>NDM<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>OXA<\/jats:sub>\n                    in our bacterial isolates shows that the resistance pattern in Gram-negative bacilli is regularly evolving, and a fully functional surveillance program across the health care system is needed to prevent the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2024.0215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T10:08:42Z","timestamp":1742810922000},"page":"107-112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Minocycline and Omadacycline Resistance Among Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria: Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Molecular Characterization"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6380-6488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richa","family":"Sinha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Microbiology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyoti","family":"Jyoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Microbiology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashutosh","family":"Pathak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Microbiology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinmoy","family":"Sahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabhaker","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rungmei S.K.","family":"Marak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Microbiology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ujjala","family":"Ghoshal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIIMS Kalyani, Microbiology, Kalyani, West Bengal, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00016-10","article-title":"Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance","volume":"74","author":"Davies J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Davies J, , Davies D. Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 2010; 74(3):417\u2013433; doi: 10.1128\/MMBR.00016-10","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2049936115621709"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2019.1735-1746","article-title":"An overview of colistin resistance, mobilized colistin resistance genes dissemination, global responses, and the alternatives to colistin: A review","volume":"12","author":"Gharaibeh MH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gharaibeh MH, , Shatnawi SQ. An overview of colistin resistance, mobilized colistin resistance genes dissemination, global responses, and the alternatives to colistin: A review. Vet World, 2019; 12(11):1735\u20131746; doi: 10.14202\/vetworld.2019.1735-1746","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.09.040"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1973145852","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic studies on minocycline in man","volume":"14","author":"Macdonald H","year":"1973","unstructured":"Macdonald H, , Kelly RG, , Allen ES, et al. Pharmacokinetic studies on minocycline in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 1973; 14(5):852\u2013861; doi: 10.1002\/cpt1973145852","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13787","article-title":"Occurrence and characterization of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli: A collaborative study of antibiotic-resistant bacteria between Indonesia and Japan","volume":"25","author":"Kuntaman K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kuntaman K, , Shigemura K, , Osawa K, et al. Occurrence and characterization of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli: A collaborative study of antibiotic-resistant bacteria between Indonesia and Japan. Int J Urol, 2018; 25(11):966\u2013972; doi: 10.1111\/iju.13787","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S357344","article-title":"Minocycline susceptibility and tetB gene in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Taiwan","volume":"15","author":"Yang JL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang JL, , Yang CJ, , Chuang YC, et al. Minocycline susceptibility and tetB gene in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Taiwan. Infect Drug Resist, 2022; 15:2401\u20132408; doi: 10.2147\/IDR.S357344","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.65.2.232-260.2001","article-title":"Tetracycline antibiotics: Mode of action, applications, molecular biology, and epidemiology of bacterial resistance","volume":"65","author":"Chopra I","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chopra I, , Roberts M. Tetracycline antibiotics: Mode of action, applications, molecular biology, and epidemiology of bacterial resistance. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 2001; 65(2):232\u2013260; second page, table of contents; doi: 10.1128\/MMBR.65.2.232-260.2001","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2004.10.008","article-title":"Distribution of tetracycline resistance genes in genotypically related and unrelated multi-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains from different European hospitals","volume":"156","author":"Huys G","year":"2005","unstructured":"Huys G, , Cnockaert M, , Vaneechoutte M, et al. Distribution of tetracycline resistance genes in genotypically related and unrelated multi-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains from different European hospitals. Res Microbiol, 2005; 156(3):348\u2013355; doi: 10.1016\/j.resmic.2004.10.008","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph12020063"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz396","article-title":"Omadacycline for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections","volume":"69","author":"Abrahamian FM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abrahamian FM, , Sakoulas G, , Tzanis E, et al. Omadacycline for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. Clin Infect Dis, 2019; 69(Suppl 1):S23\u2013S32; doi: 10.1093\/cid\/ciz396","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800201"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00018-17","article-title":"Surveillance of Omadacycline activity against clinical isolates from a global collection (North America, Europe, Latin America, Asia-Western Pacific), 2010-2011","volume":"61","author":"Pfaller MA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pfaller MA, , Huband MD, , Rhomberg PR, et al. Surveillance of Omadacycline activity against clinical isolates from a global collection (North America, Europe, Latin America, Asia-Western Pacific), 2010-2011. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2017; 61(5):e00018-17; doi: 10.1128\/AAC.00018-17","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2016-0100"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0054222","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00542-22","article-title":"Activity of Omadacycline alone and in combination against Carbapenem-non-susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii with varying minocycline susceptibility","volume":"10","author":"Abbey T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abbey T, , Vialichka A, , Jurkovic M, et al. Activity of Omadacycline alone and in combination against Carbapenem-non-susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii with varying minocycline susceptibility. Microbiol Spectr, 2022; 10(3):e0054222; doi: 10.1128\/spectrum.00542-22","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1006\/mcpr.2001.0363","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for the detection of tetracycline resistant genes","volume":"15","author":"Ng LK","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ng LK, , Martin I, , Alfa M, et al. Multiplex PCR for the detection of tetracycline resistant genes. 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Microorganisms, 2023; 11(12):2927; doi: 10.3390\/microorganisms11122927","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Detection of tetracycline resistance genes by PCR methods","volume":"268","author":"Aminov RI","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aminov RI, , Chee-Sanford JC, , Garrigues N, et al. Detection of tetracycline resistance genes by PCR methods. Methods Mol Biol, 2004; 268:3\u201313; doi: 10.1385\/1-59259-766-1:003","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","first-page":"66","volume-title":"Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. CLSI supplement M100","author":"Performance CLSI","year":"2024","unstructured":"Performance CLSI. Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. CLSI supplement M100. 34th ed. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2024. Page 66.","edition":"34"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. 2019. Antibacterial susceptibility test interpretive criteria. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/development-resources\/ antibacterial-susceptibility-test-interpretive-criteria"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09256-6","article-title":"Carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections and risk factors for acquisition in a Kenyan intensive care unit","volume":"24","author":"Maina JW","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maina JW, , Mutua JM, , Musyoki AM. Carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections and risk factors for acquisition in a Kenyan intensive care unit. 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Genetic determinants of Acinetobacter baumannii serum-associated adaptive efflux-mediated antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics (Basel), 2023; 12(7):1173; doi: 10.3390\/antibiotics12071173","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","first-page":"e44501","article-title":"Incidence of central line-associated bloodstream infection in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Northern India: A prospective study","volume":"15","author":"Maqbool S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maqbool S, , Sharma R. Incidence of central line-associated bloodstream infection in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Northern India: A prospective study. Cureus, 2023; 15(8):e44501; doi: 10.7759\/cureus.44501","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_36_18","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology & therapeutic options of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"149","author":"Garg A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garg A, , Garg J, , Kumar S, et al. Molecular epidemiology & therapeutic options of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Indian J Med Res, 2019; 149(2):285\u2013289; doi: 10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_36_18","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-015-0085-1","article-title":"Global in vitro activity of tigecycline and comparator agents: Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial 2004\u20132013","volume":"14","author":"Hoban DJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hoban DJ, , Reinert RR, , Bouchillon SK, et al. 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JCDR, 2023; 17(3):DC17\u2013DC20; doi: 10.7860\/JCDR\/2023\/60596.17644","journal-title":"JCDR"},{"issue":"04","key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.5799\/jmid.493848","article-title":"Susceptibility of Minocycline against Carbapenem resistant gram-negative bacilli","volume":"08","author":"Warrier AR","year":"2018","unstructured":"Warrier AR, , Babu R. Susceptibility of Minocycline against Carbapenem resistant gram-negative bacilli. J Microbil Infect Dis, 2018; 08(04):140\u2013146.","journal-title":"J Microbil Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2017.07.015","article-title":"Prevalence of, and risk factors for, carriage of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae among hospitalized patients in Japan","volume":"97","author":"Yamamoto N","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yamamoto N, , Asada R, , Kawahara R, et al. Prevalence of, and risk factors for, carriage of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae among hospitalized patients in Japan. J Hosp Infect, 2017; 97(3):212\u2013217; doi: 10.1016\/j.jhin.2017.07.015","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.03.001","article-title":"Global monitoring of cross-resistance between tigecycline and minocycline, 2004\u20132009","volume":"60","author":"Hawser SP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hawser SP. Global monitoring of cross-resistance between tigecycline and minocycline, 2004\u20132009. J Infect, 2010; 60(5):401\u2013402; doi: 10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.03.001","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.02.017","article-title":"Surveillance of omadacycline activity tested against clinical isolates from the United States and Europe: Results from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance Programme, 2017","volume":"19","author":"Huband MD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huband MD, , Pfaller MA, , Shortridge D, et al. Surveillance of omadacycline activity tested against clinical isolates from the United States and Europe: Results from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance Programme, 2017. J Glob Antimicrob Resist, 2019; 19:56\u201363.","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-02019-8","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of omadacycline in vitro against bacteria isolated from 2014 to 2017 in China, a multi-center study","volume":"20","author":"Xiao M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiao M, , Huang JJ, , Zhang G, et al. Antimicrobial activity of omadacycline in vitro against bacteria isolated from 2014 to 2017 in China, a multi-center study. BMC Microbiol, 2020; 20(1):350; doi: 10.1186\/s12866-020-02019-8","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/mdr.2024.0215","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/mdr.2024.0215","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/mdr.2024.0215","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:41:54Z","timestamp":1777668114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/mdr.2024.0215"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/mdr.2024.0215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/mdr.2024.0215","relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-6294","1931-8448"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-6294","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-8448","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}}}