{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:34:37Z","timestamp":1777923277159,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats\u2014CRISPR associated) systems are common among enterococci and may prevent the acquisition of mobile genetic elements carrying antimicrobial resistance genes. In this study, we correlate the presence of CRISPR with genes associated with macrolide resistance and high-level resistance to aminoglycosides (HLR-A) among 216\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 82\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. We used PCR to detect genes associated with macrolide resistance, HLR-A, and type II-A CRISPR elements. We used two-tailed Fisher\u2019s exact test to evaluate correlation between CRISPR and resistance genes. One hundred and seven (35.9%) isolates had at least one HLR-A gene; the prevalent genes were\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">aac(6\u2032)-Ie\u2013aph(2\u2033)-Ia<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ant(6)-Ia<\/jats:italic>\n                    found in 61 (57%) and 46 (43%) isolates, respectively. The macrolide resistance genes\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">erm<\/jats:italic>\n                    (A) and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">erm<\/jats:italic>\n                    (B) were found in 116 (38.9%) isolates. Overall, 174 (58.4%) isolates had at least one CRISPR element; the predominant one was CRISPR3-Cas (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 117; 39.2%). The presence of three genes, two related to HLR-A [\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">aph(2\u2033)-Ic<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ant(6)-Ia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ] and one macrolide resistance gene [\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">erm<\/jats:italic>\n                    (B)], was associated with the absence of CRISPR (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05), mainly in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    lacking CRISPR3-Cas. We observed the association between the absence of CRISPR and the presence of major aminoglycoside and macrolide resistance determinants, contributing to the understanding of the evolution of resistance in enterococci.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2024.0236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T12:04:10Z","timestamp":1741003450000},"page":"75-79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["CRISPR Elements and Their Association with Macrolide and Aminoglycoside Resistance Genes in Enterococci"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Rafael L.","family":"do R\u00eago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Biom\u00e9dico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter\u00f3i, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felipe P.G.","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Biom\u00e9dico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter\u00f3i, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filipe M.","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Biom\u00e9dico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter\u00f3i, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda B.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Biom\u00e9dico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter\u00f3i, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda S.","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Biom\u00e9dico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter\u00f3i, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B\u00e1rbara A.","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Biom\u00e9dico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter\u00f3i, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jailton L.C.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Biom\u00e9dico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter\u00f3i, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aline R.V.","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Biom\u00e9dico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter\u00f3i, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00058-18","article-title":"The Enterococcus: A model of adaptability to its environment","volume":"32","author":"Garc\u00eda-Solache M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Solache M, , Rice LB. The Enterococcus: A model of adaptability to its environment. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2019; 32(2):1\u201328; doi: 10.1128\/cmr.00058-18","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","volume-title":"Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019","author":"CDC","year":"2019","unstructured":"CDC. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC: Atlanta, GA; 2019; doi: 10.15620\/cdc:82532"},{"issue":"21","key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0017721","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00177-21","article-title":"Let me upgrade you: Impact of mobile genetic elements on enterococcal adaptation and evolution","volume":"203","author":"Johnson CN","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johnson CN, , Sheriff EK, , Duerkop BA, et al. Let me upgrade you: Impact of mobile genetic elements on enterococcal adaptation and evolution. J Bacteriol, 2021; 203(21):e0017721; doi: 10.1128\/jb.00177-21","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1742423","article-title":"Molecular characterization of high-level aminoglycoside resistance among Enterococcus species","volume":"14","author":"Manoharan H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Manoharan H, , Lalitha AKV, , Mariappan S, et al. Molecular characterization of high-level aminoglycoside resistance among Enterococcus species. J Lab Physicians, 2022; 14(3):290\u2013294; doi: 10.1055\/s-0042-1742423","journal-title":"J Lab Physicians"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","first-page":"319","article-title":"High-level resistance to aminoglycosides and ampicillin among clinical isolates of Enterococcus species in an Iranian referral hospital","volume":"12","author":"Mousavi SH","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mousavi SH, , Peeri-Doghaheh H, , Mohammadi-Ghalehbin B, et al. High-level resistance to aminoglycosides and ampicillin among clinical isolates of Enterococcus species in an Iranian referral hospital. Iran J Microbiol, 2020; 12(4):319\u2013324; doi: 10.18502\/ijm.v12i4.3935","journal-title":"Iran J Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Patel PH","year":"2025","unstructured":"Patel PH, , Hashmi MF. Macrolides. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island (FL); 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK551495\/ [February 17, 2025]. [Updated 2023 May 16]."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6939","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S388354","article-title":"Association of CRISPR-Cas System with the Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Genes in Nosocomial Isolates of Enterococcus","volume":"15","author":"Tao S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tao S, , Chen H, , Li N, et al. Association of CRISPR-Cas System with the Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Genes in Nosocomial Isolates of Enterococcus. Infect Drug Resist, 2022; 15:6939\u20136949; doi: 10.2147\/IDR.S388354","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biophys-062215-010822"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3945","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-024-01549-x","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas systems in enterococci","volume":"55","author":"Cabral AS","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cabral AS, , Lacerda FF, , Leite VLM, et al. CRISPR-Cas systems in enterococci. 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