{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T20:48:47Z","timestamp":1789505327012,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To establish the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) and its determinants among selected pregnant women in urban Arusha for taking preventive measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and December 2018 at Ngarenaro and Kaloleni health facilities in Arusha District involving 230 randomly selected pregnant women who were not known to have diabetes before pregnancy. Blood glucose at fasting and 2\u2009hr after consuming 75 grams of glucose dissolved in 300\u2009mL of water was measured using Gluco-Plus\u2122, serum insulin concentrations using ELISA machine (Synergy\/HTX\u2122; BioTek), and IR was calculated using the Homeostasis Model of Assessment formula. Body fat was measured using a bioelectric impedance analyzer, mid-upper arm circumference using a regular tape, weight using SECA\u2122, blood pressure using GT-868UF Geratherm\u2122 machine, and height by stadiometer. Maternal characteristics were collected through face to face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science\u2122 Version 20.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of IR was 21% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200949) and significantly associated with increased body fat percentage (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.68, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01\u20132.5), family history of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM; AOR: 2.77, 95% CI: 1.21\u20136.33), hypertension (AOR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.12\u20135.6), edema (AOR: 3.01, 95% CI: 1.31\u20136.96), and proteinuria (AOR: 3.44, 95% CI: 1.11\u201310.69).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IR was higher among pregnant women with increased body fat percentage, family history of T2DM, hypertension, edema, and proteinuria. These findings call for large-scale screening to further explore risk factors to prevent gestational diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2019.0077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,7]],"date-time":"2019-10-07T14:25:25Z","timestamp":1570458325000},"page":"512-517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Insulin Resistance Among Pregnant Women in Urban Areas of Arusha Region, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Safiness Simon","family":"Msollo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania."},{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haikael David","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akwilina Wendelin","family":"Mwanri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pammla","family":"Petrucka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2015.4.10307"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0b013e31815a5494"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2003.00985.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.591"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","first-page":"273","article-title":"Trying to understand gestational diabetes","volume":"3","author":"Catalano PM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Catalano PM. 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