{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:42:16Z","timestamp":1777923736756,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,14]],"date-time":"2012-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1347580800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nucleic Acid Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Targeting bacterial essential genes using antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs) represents an important strategy in the development of novel antibacterial therapeutics. PMOs are neutral DNA analogues that inhibit gene expression in a sequence-specific manner. In this study, several cationic, membrane-penetrating peptides were conjugated to PMOs (PPMOs) that target 2 bacterial essential genes: acyl carrier protein (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">acpP<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and gyrase A (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). These were tested for their ability to inhibit growth of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium and causative agent of anthrax. PPMOs targeted upstream of both target gene start codons and conjugated with the bacterium-permeating peptide (RFF)\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    R were found to be most effective in inhibiting bacterial growth\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Both of the gene-targeted PPMOs protected macrophages from\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    induced cell death. Subsequent,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    testing of the PPMOs resulted in increased survival of mice challenged with the virulent Ames strain of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Together, these studies suggest that PPMOs targeting essential genes have the potential of being used as antisense antibiotics to treat\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/nat.2012.0362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]],"date-time":"2018-08-09T22:53:59Z","timestamp":1533855239000},"page":"316-322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Peptide Conjugated Phosphorodiamidate Morpholino Oligomers Increase Survival of Mice Challenged with Ames\n                    <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Rekha G.","family":"Panchal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce L.","family":"Geller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AVI BioPharma Inc."},{"name":"Oregon State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brett","family":"Mellbye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AVI BioPharma Inc."},{"name":"Oregon State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Target Structure Based Drug Discovery Group"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick L.","family":"Iversen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AVI BioPharma Inc."},{"name":"Oregon State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sina","family":"Bavari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/187152611795589708"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(02)00200-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(01)00464-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.6.1766-1766.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/msb.2011.58"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.1.249-255.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","unstructured":"FOX M.J. REEVES M.D. WELLER D.D. 2009. Methods of synthesis of morpholino oligomersPublication No. WO\/2009\/064471World Intellectual Property Organization: Geneva Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.1.245-252.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki129"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.10.3233-3239.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.68.3.518-537.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006061"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/86753"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/652807"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","first-page":"235","article-title":"Phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers: favorable properties for sequence-specific gene inactivation","volume":"3","author":"IVERSEN P.L.","year":"2001","unstructured":"IVERSEN P.L. 2001. Phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers: favorable properties for sequence-specific gene inactivation. Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther., 3:235\u2013238.","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00917-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp392"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bc034221g"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","volume-title":"Approved standard, M7-A6","author":"NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR CLINICAL LABORATORY STANDARDS (NCCLS)","year":"2003","unstructured":"NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR CLINICAL LABORATORY STANDARDS (NCCLS). 2003. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. Approved standard, M7-A6. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards: Wayne, PA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","volume-title":"Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals","author":"NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","year":"1996","unstructured":"NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. 1996. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. The National Academies Press: Washington, DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201000005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.7.2362-2365.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","first-page":"185","article-title":"Uncharged morpholino-based polymers having phosphorous containing chiral intersubunit linkages","volume":"5","author":"SUMMERTON J.E.","year":"1993","unstructured":"SUMMERTON J.E., , WELLER D.D. 1993. Uncharged morpholino-based polymers having phosphorous containing chiral intersubunit linkages. U.S. Patent, 5:185\u2013444 Feb 9, 1993.","journal-title":"U.S. Patent"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01286-05"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl444"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.8.1801"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01548.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","volume-title":"Oliognucleotide analogs having cationic intersubnit linkages","author":"WELLER D.D","year":"2008","unstructured":"WELLER D.D, , HASSINGER J.N. 2008. Oliognucleotide analogs having cationic intersubnit linkagesPublication No. WO\/2008\/03612World Intellectual Property Organization: Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112561108"}],"container-title":["Nucleic Acid Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/nat.2012.0362","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/nat.2012.0362","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/nat.2012.0362","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:58:08Z","timestamp":1777669088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/nat.2012.0362"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,14]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/nat.2012.0362"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/nat.2012.0362","relation":{},"ISSN":["2159-3337","2159-3345"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2159-3337","type":"print"},{"value":"2159-3345","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,14]]}}}