{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T12:08:29Z","timestamp":1779192509400,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,16]],"date-time":"2016-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1455580800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nucleic Acid Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Thrombosis is a necessary physiological process to protect the body from uncontrolled bleeding. Pathological thrombus formation can lead to devastating clinical events including heart attack, stroke, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Numerous drugs have been developed to inhibit thrombosis. These have been targeted to coagulation factors along with proteins and receptors that activate platelets. While these drugs are effective at preventing blood clotting, their major side effect is inadvertent hemorrhage that can result in significant morbidity and mortality. There exists a need for anticoagulants that are not only effective at preventing thrombosis but can also be readily reversed. Aptamers offer a potential solution, representing a new class of drug agents that can be isolated to any protein and where antidote oligonucleotides can be designed based on the sequence of the aptamer. We present a summary of the anticoagulant and antithrombotic aptamers that have been identified and their stage of development and comment on the future of aptamer-based drug development to treat thrombosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/nat.2015.0581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,16]],"date-time":"2016-02-16T17:01:47Z","timestamp":1455642107000},"page":"147-155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Translation and Clinical Development of Antithrombotic Aptamers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Shahid M.","family":"Nimjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Povsic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce A.","family":"Sullenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard C.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati Medical Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1160\/TH09-10-0716"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2005.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05017.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001721-199606000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"3142","article-title":"Platelets and thrombin generation","volume":"47","author":"Monroe DM","year":"2002","unstructured":"Monroe DM. (2002). Platelets and thrombin generation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 47:3142\u20133148.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V86.5.1794.bloodjournal8651794"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.74.7.3028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M400531200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1653839"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-01-136820"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"52","article-title":"Decreased mortality of ischaemic heart disease among carriers of haemophilia","volume":"108","author":"Sramek A","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sramek A, , Kriek M, and Rosendaal F. (2003). Decreased mortality of ischaemic heart disease among carriers of haemophilia. Blood, 108:52\u201366.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2008.03201.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","first-page":"1886","article-title":"TTP889, a novel orally active partial inhibitor of FIXa inhibits clotting in two A\/V shunt models without prolonging bleeding times","volume":"106","author":"Rothlein R","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rothlein R, , Shen JM, , Naser N, , Gohimukkula DR, , Caligan TB, , Andrews RC, , Schmidt AM, , Rose EA, and Mjalli AMM. (2005). TTP889, a novel orally active partial inhibitor of FIXa inhibits clotting in two A\/V shunt models without prolonging bleeding times. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts), 106:1886.","journal-title":"Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000259363.91070.f1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115495"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002480-199703000-00245"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1656127"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.203117"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00963"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1160\/TH06-01-0047"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2006.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.668434"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.745687"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-011-0588-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2008.02932.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.927756"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2010.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr179"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs232"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","article-title":"Pre-existing anti-polyethylene glycol antibody linked to first-exposure allergic reactions to pegnivacogin, a PEGylated RNA aptamer","author":"Ganson NJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ganson NJ, , Povsic TJ, , Sullenger BA, , Alexander JH, , Zelenkofske SL, , Sailstad JM, , Rusconi CP, and Hershfield MS. (2015). Pre-existing anti-polyethylene glycol antibody linked to first-exposure allergic reactions to pegnivacogin, a PEGylated RNA aptamer. J Allergy Clin Immunol [Epub ahead of print]; DOI: 10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.10.034","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-013-1067-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1339"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.06.066"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2008.07.019"},{"issue":"10016","key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","first-page":"349","article-title":"Effect of the REG1 anticoagulation system versus bivalirudin on outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (REGULATE-PCI): a randomized clinical trial","volume":"387","author":"Lincoff AM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lincoff AM, , Mehran R, , Povsic TJ, , Zelenkofske SL, , Huang Z, , Armstrong PW, , Steg PG, , Bode C, , Cohen MG, et al. (2016). Effect of the REG1 anticoagulation system versus bivalirudin on outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (REGULATE-PCI): a randomized clinical trial. Lancet, 387 (10016):349\u2013356.","journal-title":"et al"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/oli.2006.0059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2012.04679.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/355564a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(94)92206-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V81.12.3271.3271"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mthe.2001.0495"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.1240109"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","article-title":"Targeting two coagulation cascade proteases with a bivalent aptamer yields a potent and antidote-controllable anticoagulant","author":"Soule EE","year":"2015","unstructured":"Soule EE, , Bompiani KM, , Woodruff RS, and Sullenger BA. (2015). Targeting two coagulation cascade proteases with a bivalent aptamer yields a potent and antidote-controllable anticoagulant. Nucleic Acid Ther [Epub ahead of print]; DOI: 10.1089\/nat.2015.0565","journal-title":"Nucleic Acid Ther"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1614126"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12302"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)92833-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(91)90489-V"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2003.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)05060-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0901316"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07442-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2009.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.616649"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","first-page":"539","article-title":"A dose ranging phase I\/II trial of the von Willebrand factor inhibiting aptamer ARC1779 in patients with conge nital thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura","volume":"106","author":"Jilma-Stohlawtez P","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jilma-Stohlawtez P, , Gilbert JC, , Gorczyca M, , Knobl P, and Jilma B. (2011). A dose ranging phase I\/II trial of the von Willebrand factor inhibiting aptamer ARC1779 in patients with conge nital thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Thromb Haemost, 106:539\u2013547.","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/oli.2007.0089"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2011.226"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138920112802273137"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(93)90247-Z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2006.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","first-page":"A13826","article-title":"Thrombin generation kinetics of the REG2 anticoagulation system: a first-in-human experience","volume":"124","author":"Vavalle JP","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vavalle JP, , Rusconi C, , Zelenkofske S, , Alexander JH, and Becker RC. (2011). Thrombin generation kinetics of the REG2 anticoagulation system: a first-in-human experience. Circulation, 124:A13826.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2012.04742.x"}],"container-title":["Nucleic Acid Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/nat.2015.0581","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/nat.2015.0581","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/nat.2015.0581","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T11:41:46Z","timestamp":1779190906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/nat.2015.0581"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,16]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/nat.2015.0581"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/nat.2015.0581","relation":{},"ISSN":["2159-3337","2159-3345"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2159-3337","type":"print"},{"value":"2159-3345","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,16]]}}}