{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T11:32:14Z","timestamp":1784287934446,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nucleic Acid Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A primary function of the parenteral drug product manufacturing process is to ensure sterility of the final product. The two most common methods for sterilizing parenteral drug products are terminal sterilization (TS), whereby the drug product is sterilized in the final container following filling and finish, and membrane sterilization, whereby the product stream is sterilized by membrane filtration and filled into presterilized containers in an aseptic processing environment. Although TS provides greater sterility assurance than membrane sterilization and aseptic processing, not all drug products are amenable to TS processes, which typically involve heat treatment or exposure to ionizing radiation. Oligonucleotides represent an emerging class of therapeutics with great potential for treating a broad range of indications, including previously undruggable targets. Owing to their size, structural complexity, and relative lack of governing regulations, several challenges in drug development are unique to oligonucleotides. This exceptionality justifies a focused assessment of traditional chemistry, manufacturing, and control strategies before their adoption. In this article, we review the current state of sterile oligonucleotide drug product processing, highlight the key aspects to consider when assessing options for product sterilization, and provide recommendations to aid in the successful evaluation and development of TS processes. We also explore current regulatory expectations and provide our interpretation as it pertains to oligonucleotide drug products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/nat.2022.0073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T15:19:13Z","timestamp":1676387953000},"page":"159-177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Considerations for the Terminal Sterilization of Oligonucleotide Drug Products"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Daniel Paul","family":"Decollibus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Product Technology and Engineering, Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Searcy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Tivesten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CVRM CMC Projects, Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca R&amp;D, Gothenburg, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadim","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology &amp; Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Lindenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Drug Development, Technical Research &amp; Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nounja","family":"Abarrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Drug Development, Technical Research &amp; Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujana","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK, Strategic External Development, Analytical Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maggie","family":"Fiandaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK, Strategic External Development, Analytical Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMC Regulatory Affairs, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geetha","family":"Govindan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Operations &amp; Technology, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung-Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Operations &amp; Technology, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Royle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology &amp; Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick Lim","family":"Soo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Andover, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Storch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2168479018793626"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.75.1.280"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/nat.2020.0846"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"EMA. (2019). Guideline on the sterilisation of the medicinal product active substance excipient and primary container. EMA\/CHMP\/CVMP\/QWP\/BWP\/850374\/2015. European Medicines Agency. www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/sterilisation-medicinal-product-active-substance-excipient-primary-container-scientific-guideline#current-version-section"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"PMDA. (2012). Guidance on the Manufacture of Sterile Pharmaceutical Products Produced by Terminal Sterilisation. www.pmda.go.jp\/files\/000160794.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service F.D.A. 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