{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T12:06:15Z","timestamp":1790165175377,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury (bTBI) has become increasingly common in recent military conflicts. The mechanisms by which non-impact blast exposure results in bTBI are incompletely understood. Current small animal bTBI models predominantly utilize compressed air-driven membrane rupture as their blast wave source, while large animal models use chemical explosives. The pressure-time signature of each blast mode is unique, making it difficult to evaluate the contributions of the different components of the blast wave to bTBI when using a single blast source. We utilized a multi-mode shock tube, the McMillan blast device, capable of utilizing compressed air- and compressed helium-driven membrane rupture, and the explosives oxyhydrogen and cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX, the primary component of C-4 plastic explosives) as the driving source. At similar maximal blast overpressures, the positive pressure phase of compressed air-driven blasts was longer, and the positive impulse was greater, than those observed for shockwaves produced by other driving sources. Helium-driven shockwaves more closely resembled RDX blasts, but by displacing air created a hypoxic environment within the shock tube. Pressure-time traces from oxyhydrogen-driven shockwaves were very similar those produced by RDX, although they resulted in elevated carbon monoxide levels due to combustion of the polyethylene bag used to contain the gases within the shock tube prior to detonation. Rats exposed to compressed air-driven blasts had more pronounced vascular damage than those exposed to oxyhydrogen-driven blasts of the same peak overpressure, indicating that differences in blast wave characteristics other than peak overpressure may influence the extent of bTBI. Use of this multi-mode shock tube in small animal models will enable comparison of the extent of brain injury with the pressure-time signature produced using each blast mode, facilitating evaluation of the blast wave components contributing to bTBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,18]],"date-time":"2010-11-18T02:13:28Z","timestamp":1290046408000},"page":"95-104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["A Multi-Mode Shock Tube for Investigation of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Dexter V.","family":"Reneer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky"},{"name":"University of Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard D.","family":"Hisel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GLR Enterprises"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua M.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Kryscio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky"},{"name":"University of Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Braden T.","family":"Lusk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Geddes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky"},{"name":"University of Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000249190.46033.94"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/165.2.119"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","volume-title":"Explosions in Air","author":"Baker W.E.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Baker W.E. 1973. Explosions in Air. University of Texas Press: Austin."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0898"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.0885"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Initial studies of the effect of laboratory proudced air blast on animals","author":"Cassen B.K.","year":"1950","unstructured":"Cassen B.K., , Curtis L., , Kistler K. 1950. Initial studies of the effect of laboratory proudced air blast on animals. J. Aviat. Med., 23.","journal-title":"J. Aviat. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1955.tb01188.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.203"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200104000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2006.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000233742.75450.47"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2010.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"An experimental study on air blast injuries","volume":"18","author":"Clemedson C.J.","year":"1949","unstructured":"Clemedson C.J. 1949. An experimental study on air blast injuries. Acta Physiol. Scand., 18,Suppl.:61.","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1956.36.3.336"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/msj.20098"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(97)03651-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-009-0105-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000220015.21948.ec"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072972"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2007.106.4.667"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"Technology of improvised explosive devices","author":"Kopp C.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kopp C. 2008. Technology of improvised explosive devices. Defence Today, 46\u201349.","journal-title":"Defence Today"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","first-page":"555","article-title":"Wartime neurosurgical experience in Lebanon, 1982\u201385. II: Closed craniocerebral injuries. Isr","volume":"26","author":"Levi L.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Levi L., , Borovich B., , Guilburd J.N., , Grushkiewicz I., , Lemberger A., , Linn S., , Schachter I., , Zaaroor M., , Braun J., , Feinsod M. 1990. Wartime neurosurgical experience in Lebanon, 1982\u201385. II: Closed craniocerebral injuries. Isr. J. Med. Sci., 26:555\u2013558.","journal-title":"J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2007.0484"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0748"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00193-003-0186-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","first-page":"30","volume-title":"The Emergency Responders Guide to Terrorism","author":"Marks M.E.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Marks M.E. 2002. The Emergency Responders Guide to Terrorism. Red Hat Publishing, 30\u201332."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(97)03652-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","first-page":"163","article-title":"Combustion products of polymeric materials","volume":"7","author":"Michal J.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Michal J. 1983. Combustion products of polymeric materials. 1\u2014Test chamber CAB 4.5. Fire Materials, 7:163\u2013168.","journal-title":"1\u2014Test chamber CAB 4.5. Fire Materials"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000066181.50879.7A"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","first-page":"260","article-title":"Subdural hematoma in an adult following a blast injury","volume":"50","author":"Murthy J.M.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Murthy J.M., , Chopra J.S., , Gulati D.R. 1979. Subdural hematoma in an adult following a blast injury. Case report. J. Neurosurg., 50:260\u2013261.","journal-title":"Case report. J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1968.tb11970.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The relationship between selected blast-wave parameters and the response of mammals exposed to air blast","author":"Richmond D.R.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Richmond D.R., , Damon E.G., , Fletcher E.R., , Bowen I.G., , White C.S. 1967. The relationship between selected blast-wave parameters and the response of mammals exposed to air blast. Techn. Progr. Rep. DASA 1860. Fission Prod. Inhal. Proj., 1\u201336.","journal-title":"Techn. Progr. Rep. DASA 1860. Fission Prod. Inhal. Proj."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0602"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0856"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198601000-00020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","first-page":"795","article-title":"Morphologic and biochemical characterization of brain injury in a model of controlled blast overpressure exposure","volume":"69","author":"Svetlov S.I.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Svetlov S.I., , Prima V., , Kirk D.R., , Gutierrez H., , Curley K.C., , Hayes R.L., , Wang K.K. 2010. Morphologic and biochemical characterization of brain injury in a model of controlled blast overpressure exposure. J. Trauma, 69:795\u2013804.","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","unstructured":"U.S. Army. 1984. Military Explosives. Department of the Army Technical ManualReport Number TM 9-1300-214. Washington."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","volume-title":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","year":"1995","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1995. Toxicological Profile for RDX. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. >Public Health Service: Atlanta."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Proc. 7th Int. Shock Tube Symp., June 23\u201325, 1969","author":"Warren W.R.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Warren W.R., , Harris C.J. 1970. A critique of high performance shock tube driving techniques, in: Shock Tubes. Proc. 7th Int. Shock Tube Symp., June 23\u201325, 1969. Glass I.I. University of Toronto Press: Toronto, 143\u2013176."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199603001-00018"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/neu.2010.1513","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2010.1513","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2010.1513","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:13:26Z","timestamp":1777673606000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/neu.2010.1513"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/neu.2010.1513"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2010.1513","relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-7151","1557-9042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-7151","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]}}}