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In this study, we investigated the effects of varying degrees of primary blast overpressure (BOP; 80 and 200\u2009kPa) on the pathophysiological and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes and neurocognitive performance as assessed by the monkey Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (mCANTAB) in non-human primates (NHP). The study aimed to examine the effects of neurobehavioral and histopathological changes in NHP. MRI and histopathology revealed ultrastructural changes in the brain, notably in the Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum and pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus, which were most vulnerable to the blast. The results correlated well with the behavioral changes and changes in motor coordination and working memory of the affected monkeys. In addition, there was white matter damage affecting myelinated axons, astrocytic hypertrophy, and increased aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) expression in astrocytes, suggesting cerebral edema. Increased apoptosis appeared to involve astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the animals following blast exposure. The small sample size could have contributed to the non-significant outcome in cognitive performance post-blast and limited quantitative analyses. Nevertheless, the study has provided initial descriptive changes for establishing a primary BOP threshold for brain injury to serve as a useful platform for future investigations that aim to estimate brain injury potential and set safe limits of exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,3]],"date-time":"2011-06-03T12:50:04Z","timestamp":1307105404000},"page":"1434-1454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Effect of Blast Exposure on the Brain Structure and Cognition in\n                    <i>Macaca fascicularis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jia","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DSO National Laboratories","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"National University of Singapore","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kian 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