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This study investigated outcomes up to 10 years post-injury, to determine the influences of injury severity, injury age, and environment. The study design was prospective and longitudinal. Participants included consecutive admissions to the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. Children sustaining TBI between 2 and 12 years of age (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =76) were recruited on admission and divided according to injury severity (mild, moderate, and severe) and injury age (2\u20137 years and 8\u201312 years). Cognitive abilities were evaluated using standard measures of intellectual function (IQ) acutely and at 12 months, 30 months, and 10 years post-injury. At 10 years, mean IQs for survivors fell within the low average to average range. There were no significant effects of injury severity, injury age, or time since injury. In contrast, elevated rates of impairment were identified in association with severe TBI (global deficits), and early injury (non-verbal deficits). Impairments in processing speed were related to injury severity and age at injury. Predictors of 10-year outcome included pre-injury and social factors, injury age, and family function. Child survivors of serious TBI are at elevated risk of cognitive impairment, with recovery continuing into the third year post-injury. However, between 30 months and 10 years post-insult, children appear to make appropriate developmental gains, contrary to the speculation that these children \u201cgrow into their deficits.\u201d\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.2012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,24]],"date-time":"2011-10-24T18:02:58Z","timestamp":1319479378000},"page":"143-153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Intellectual Ability 10 Years after Traumatic Brain Injury in Infancy and Childhood: What Predicts Outcome?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Vicki","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Royal Children's Hospital","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"University of Melbourne","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathy","family":"Catroppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Royal Children's Hospital","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"University of Melbourne","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celia","family":"Godfrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey V.","family":"Rosenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"The Alfred Hospital","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049508400224"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021217"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.20.1.42"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1728"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0365"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsp100"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh320"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617797005687"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn293"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/\/awr103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","first-page":"117","volume-title":"The UCLA study of mild closed head injuries in children and adolescents, in: Traumatic Head Injury in Children","author":"Asarnow R.F.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Asarnow R.F., , Satz P., , Light R., , Zaucha K., , Lewis R., , McCleary C. 1995. 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