{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T21:52:51Z","timestamp":1791150771343,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]],"date-time":"2012-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Blast waves generated by improvised explosive devices (IEDs) cause traumatic brain injury (TBI) in soldiers and civilians.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    animal models that use shock tubes are extensively used in laboratories to simulate field conditions, to identify mechanisms of injury, and to develop injury thresholds. In this article, we place rats in different locations along the length of the shock tube (i.e., inside, outside, and near the exit), to examine the role of animal placement location (APL) in the biomechanical load experienced by the animal. We found that the biomechanical load on the brain and internal organs in the thoracic cavity (lungs and heart) varied significantly depending on the APL. When the specimen is positioned outside, organs in the thoracic cavity experience a higher pressure for a longer duration, in contrast to APL inside the shock tube. This in turn will possibly alter the injury type, severity, and lethality. We found that the optimal APL is where the Friedlander waveform is first formed inside the shock tube. Once the optimal APL was determined, the effect of the incident blast intensity on the surface and intracranial pressure was measured and analyzed. Noticeably, surface and intracranial pressure increases linearly with the incident peak overpressures, though surface pressures are significantly higher than the other two. Further, we developed and validated an anatomically accurate finite element model of the rat head. With this model, we determined that the main pathway of pressure transmission to the brain was through the skull and not through the snout; however, the snout plays a secondary role in diffracting the incoming blast wave towards the skull.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,24]],"date-time":"2012-05-24T11:13:40Z","timestamp":1337858020000},"page":"2352-2364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Blast-Induced Biomechanical Loading of the Rat: An Experimental and Anatomically Accurate Computational Blast Injury Model"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Aravind","family":"Sundaramurthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Alai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shailesh","family":"Ganpule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Holmberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erwan","family":"Plougonven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namas","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NEBC.2011.5778613"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Assessment of the effects of acute and repeated exposure to blast overpressure in rodents: Towards a greater understanding of blast and the potential ramifications for injury in humans exposed to blast","author":"Ahlers S.T.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ahlers S.T., , Vasserman-Stokes E., , Shaughness M.C., , Hall A.A., , Shear D.A., , Chavko M., , McCarron R.M., , Stone J.R. 2012. Assessment of the effects of acute and repeated exposure to blast overpressure in rodents: Towards a greater understanding of blast and the potential ramifications for injury in humans exposed to blast. Front. Neurol., 3.","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.05.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Aerodynamics","author":"Anderson J.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anderson J. 2001. Fundamentals of Aerodynamics. McGraw-Hill: New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181454ab4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Skull flexure as a contributing factor in the mechanism of injury in the rat when exposed to a shock wave","author":"Bolander R.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bolander R., , Mathie B., , Bir C., , Ritzel D., , VandeVord P. 2011. Skull flexure as a contributing factor in the mechanism of injury in the rat when exposed to a shock wave. Ann. Biomed. Engineering, 1\u201310.","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1602\/neurorx.2.3.410"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050010009559"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","unstructured":"Chandra N. Holmberg A. Feng R. 2011. Controlling the shape of the shock wave profile in a blast facilityPatent USP (ed)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02425034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2006.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2010.11.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2010.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra042083"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181bb8e84"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Role of helmet in the mechanics of shock wave propagation under blast loading conditions","author":"Ganpule S.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ganpule S., , Gu L., , Alai A., , Chandra N. 2011. Role of helmet in the mechanics of shock wave propagation under blast loading conditions. Comput. Methods Biomechanics Biomed. 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A shock tube technique for blast wave simulation and studies of flow structure interactions in shock tube blast experiments [Master's thesis] Lincoln: Engineering Mechanics University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln 2011."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1324"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0748"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/14796708.3.3.243"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.103.108702"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1018365108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp058102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-211-32318-X_68"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","unstructured":"Rafaels K. 2010. Blast brain injury risk. 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