{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T13:52:55Z","timestamp":1780321975169,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]],"date-time":"2013-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375315200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Spinal cord injury (SCI) is less common in children than in adults, but in children it is generally more severe. Spinal loading conditions (speed and displacement) are also thought to affect SCI severity, but the relationship between these parameters is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of vertebral speed and displacement on the severity of SCI in infants and adults using a rodent model of vertebral dislocation. Thoracolumbar vertebral dislocation was induced in anaesthetized infant rats (\u223c30\u2009g, 13\u201315 days postnatal,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =40) and adult rats (\u223c250\u2009g,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =57). The 12th thoracic vertebra was secured, whereas the first lumbar vertebra was dislocated laterally. Dislocation speed and magnitude were varied independently and scaled between adults and infants (Adults: 100\u2013250mm\/s, 4\u201310mm; Infants: 40\u2013100mm\/s, 1.6\u20134mm). At 5\u2009h post-injury, rats were euthanized and spinal cords harvested. Spinal cord sections were stained to detect hemorrhage (hematoxylin and eosin) and axonal injury (\u03b2-amyloid precursor protein). For each millimeter increase in vertebral displacement, normalized hemorrhage volume increased by 1.9\u00d710\n                    <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                    mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.028) and normalized area of axonal injury increased by 2.2\u00d710\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.001). Normalized hemorrhage volume was 3.3\u00d710\n                    <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                    mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    greater for infants than for adults (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.001). Magnitude of dislocation was found to have a different effect on the normalized area of axonal injury in adults than in infants (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.003). Speed of dislocation was not found to have a significant effect on normalized hemorrhage volume (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.427) or normalized area of axonal injury (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.726) independent of displacement for the range of speeds tested. The findings of this study suggest that both age and amount of spinal motion are key factors in the severity of acute SCI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,26]],"date-time":"2013-04-26T02:20:19Z","timestamp":1366942819000},"page":"1361-1373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Severity of Spinal Cord Injury in Adult and Infant Rats after Vertebral Dislocation Depends upon Displacement but not Speed"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Ngee-Soon Stephen","family":"Lau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of New South Wales","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Gorrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Technology","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie Yu","family":"Chia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of New South Wales","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynne E.","family":"Bilston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of New South Wales","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sydney","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200112151-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2004.21.1355"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(01)00036-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","volume-title":"The Economic Cost of Spinal Cord Injury and Traumatic Brain Injury in Australia","author":"Access Economics (2009)","unstructured":"Access Economics (2009). The Economic Cost of Spinal Cord Injury and Traumatic Brain Injury in Australia. Victorian Neurotrauma Initiative: Melbourne, Victoria."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2001.20022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2007.6.3.255"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/089771504323004593"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2007.0379"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2004.11753778"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000129026.03194.0F"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2005.22.559"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/0897715041650999"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.138818"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2010.028324"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181894fd3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2895464"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","volume-title":"Geometria degli Indivisibili","author":"Cavalieri B.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Cavalieri B. 1966. Geometria degli Indivisibili. Unione Tipogrfico-Editrice Torinese: Torino."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","volume-title":"Estimation of Reference Volume Using the Cavalieri Method. Unbiased Stereology: Three-Dimensional Measurement in Microscopy","author":"Howard C.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Howard C., , Reed M. 1998. Estimation of Reference Volume Using the Cavalieri Method. Unbiased Stereology: Three-Dimensional Measurement in Microscopy. 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