{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:32:44Z","timestamp":1777926764437,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433116800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The purpose of this study is to develop a rat lumbosacral spinal cord injury (SCI) model that causes consistent motoneuronal loss and behavior deficits. Most SCI models focus on the thoracic or cervical spinal cord. Lumbosacral SCI accounts for about one third of human SCI but no standardized lumbosacral model is available for evaluating therapies. Twenty-six adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to three groups: sham (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =9), 25\u2009mm (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =8), and 50\u2009mm (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =9). Sham rats had laminectomy only, while 25\u2009mm and 50\u2009mm rats were injured by dropping a 10\u2009g rod from a height of 25\u2009mm or 50\u2009mm, respectively, onto the L4-5 spinal cord at the T13\/L1 vertebral junction. We measured footprint length (FL), toe spreading (TS), intermediate toe spreading (ITS), and sciatic function index (SFI) from walking footprints, and static toe spreading (STS), static intermediate toe spreading (SITS), and static sciatic index (SSI) from standing footprints. At six weeks, we assessed neuronal and white matter loss, quantified axons, diameter, and myelin thickness in the peroneal and tibial nerves, and measured cross-sectional areas of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscle fibers. The result shows that peroneal and tibial motoneurons were respectively distributed in 4.71\u2009mm and 5.01\u2009mm columns in the spinal cord. Dropping a 10-g weight from 25\u2009mm or 50\u2009mm caused 1.5\u2009mm or 3.75\u2009mm gaps in peroneal and tibial motoneuronal columns, respectively, and increased spinal cord white matter loss. Fifty millimeter contusions significantly increased FL and reduced TS, ITS, STS, SITS, SFI, and SSI more than 25\u2009mm contusions, and resulted in smaller axon and myelinated axon diameters in tibial and peroneal nerves and greater atrophy of gastrocnemius and anterior tibialis muscles, than 25\u2009mm contusions. This model of lumbosacral SCI produces consistent and graded loss of white matter, motoneuronal loss, peripheral nerve axonal changes, and anterior tibialis and gastrocnemius muscles atrophy in rats.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]],"date-time":"2014-10-14T13:49:27Z","timestamp":1413294567000},"page":"875-892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["A Consistent, Quantifiable, and Graded Rat Lumbosacral Spinal Cord Injury Model"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Junxiang","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"the State University of New Jersey"},{"name":"Tongji University School of Medicine","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongming","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"the State University of New Jersey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tongji University School of Medicine","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wise","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"the State University of New Jersey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/1079026813Z.000000000136"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.50.5.600"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"566","article-title":"Epidemiology of spasticity following traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"71","author":"Maynard F.M.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Maynard F.M., , Karunas R.S., , and Waring W.P.3rd (1990). 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