{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T23:41:19Z","timestamp":1793144479246,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433116800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We evaluated the hypothesis that lactate shuttling helps support the nutritive needs of injured brains. To that end, we utilized dual isotope tracer [6,6-\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    H2]glucose, that is, D2-glucose, and [3-\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]lactate techniques involving arm vein tracer infusion along with simultaneous cerebral (arterial [art] and jugular bulb [JB]) blood sampling. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients with nonpenetrating brain injuries (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =12) were entered into the study following consent of patients' legal representatives. Written and informed consent was obtained from control volunteers (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =6). Patients were studied 5.7\u00b12.2 (mean\u00b1SD) days post-injury; during periods when arterial glucose concentration tended to be higher in TBI patients. As in previous investigations, the cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (CMRgluc, i.e., net glucose uptake) was significantly suppressed following TBI (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.001). However, lactate fractional extraction, an index of cerebral lactate uptake related to systemic lactate supply, approximated 11% in both healthy control subjects and TBI patients. Further, neither the CMR for lactate (CMRlac, i.e., net lactate release), nor the tracer-measured cerebral lactate uptake differed between healthy controls and TBI patients. The percentages of lactate tracer taken up and released as\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    into the JB accounted for 92% and 91% for control and TBI conditions, respectively, suggesting that most cerebral lactate uptake was oxidized following TBI. Comparisons of isotopic enrichments of lactate oxidation from infused [3-\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]lactate tracer and\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C-glucose produced during hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis (GNG) showed that 75\u201380% of\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    released into the JB was from lactate and that the remainder was from the oxidation of glucose secondarily labeled from lactate. Hence, either directly as lactate uptake, or indirectly via GNG, peripheral lactate production accounted for \u223c70% of carbohydrate (direct lactate uptake+uptake of glucose from lactate) consumed by the injured brain. Undiminished cerebral lactate fractional extraction and uptake suggest that arterial lactate supplementation may be used to compensate for decreased CMRgluc following TBI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,16]],"date-time":"2015-01-16T12:53:29Z","timestamp":1421412809000},"page":"820-832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":170,"title":["Lactate: Brain Fuel in Human Traumatic Brain Injury: A Comparison with Normal Healthy Control Subjects"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Thomas C.","family":"Glenn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Cerebral Blood Flow Laboratory"},{"name":"UCLA Center for Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil A.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Cerebral Blood Flow Laboratory"},{"name":"UCLA Center for Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Horning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"McArthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Cerebral Blood Flow Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Hovda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Cerebral Blood Flow Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Vespa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Cerebral Blood Flow Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George A.","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Glycolytic End Product and Oxidative Substrate During Sustained Exercise in Mammals\u2013The Lactate Shuttle. Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry \u2013 Current Topics and Trends, Volume A, Respiration \u2013 Metabolism \u2013 Circulation","author":"Brooks G.A.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Brooks G.A. (1984). Glycolytic End Product and Oxidative Substrate During Sustained Exercise in Mammals\u2013The Lactate Shuttle. Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry \u2013 Current Topics and Trends, Volume A, Respiration \u2013 Metabolism \u2013 Circulation. Springer Verlag, Berlin."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.178350"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0300258"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600174"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000017324"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.149"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002915"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1403576111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01202.2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.027128"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2000.278.2.E244"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00266.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.63.6.1273"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","first-page":"2017","article-title":"Myocardial substrate utilization during exercise in humans","volume":"82","author":"Gertz E.W.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gertz E.W., , Wisneski J.A., , Stanley W.C., , and Neese R.A. (1988). Myocardial substrate utilization during exercise in humans. Dual carbon-labeled carbohydrate isotope experiments. J. Clin. Invest., 82, 2017\u20132025.","journal-title":"Dual carbon-labeled carbohydrate isotope experiments. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.168286"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00753.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-007-1241-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000094170"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000089833.23606.7F"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","first-page":"S7","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"24","author":"Bratton S.L.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bratton S.L., , Chestnut R.M., , Ghajar J., , McConnell Hammond F.F., , Harris O.A., , Hartl R., , Manley G.T., , Nemecek A., , Newell D.W., , Rosenthal G., , Schouten J., , Shutter L., , Timmons S.D., , Ullman J.S., , Videtta W., , Wilberger J.E., , and Wright D.W. (2007). Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. I. Blood pressure and oxygenation. J. Neurotrauma, 24 Suppl. 1, S7\u201313.","journal-title":"I. Blood pressure and oxygenation. J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.87.5.1684"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00043.2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","article-title":"Endogenous nutritive support following traumatic brain injury: peripheral lactate production for glucose supply via gluconeogenesis","author":"Glenn T.C.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Glenn T.C., , Martin N.A., , McArthur D.L., , Hovda D., , Vespa P.M.M., , Horning M.A., , Johnson M.L., , and Brooks G.A. (2014). Endogenous nutritive support following traumatic brain injury: peripheral lactate production for glucose supply via gluconeogenesis. J Neurotrauma. [Epub ahead of print.]","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00267a049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00309.2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2001.281.4.E683"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1959.tb44923.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","volume-title":"Radioactive and Stable Isotope Tracers in Biomedicine: Principles and Practice of Kinetic Analysis","author":"Wolfe R.R.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Wolfe R.R. (1982). Radioactive and Stable Isotope Tracers in Biomedicine: Principles and Practice of Kinetic Analysis. Wiley\u2013Liss: New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","first-page":"175","article-title":"Some robust test statistics for the two-sample location problem","volume":"34","author":"Yuen K.F.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Yuen K.F., , Lee H., , and and Tajuddin I. (1985). Some robust test statistics for the two-sample location problem. J. R. Stat. Soc. D, 34, 175-182.","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. D"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","volume-title":"Introduction to Robust Estimation and Hypothesis Testing","author":"Wilcox R.R.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wilcox R.R. (2012). Introduction to Robust Estimation and Hypothesis Testing, 3rd ed. Academic Press: Waltham, MA.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198707000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","first-page":"115","article-title":"Cerebral acidosis in focal ischemia","volume":"1","author":"Hakim A.M.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hakim A.M., , and Shoubridge E.A. (1989). Cerebral acidosis in focal ischemia. Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev., 1, 115\u2013132.","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","first-page":"209","article-title":"Acidosis-related damage","volume":"71","author":"Siesjo B.K.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Siesjo B.K., , Katsura K., , and Kristian T. (1996). Acidosis-related damage. Adv. Neurol., 71, 209\u2013233.","journal-title":"Adv. Neurol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1989.70.2.0222"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1993.tb00789.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00032.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.60.4.1116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.71.1.333"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00402.2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00206.2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.60.1.232"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00538.2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.35"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp202"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-3203-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.2947"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1977.tb03919.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0065-2571(68)90011-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes: Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids.","author":"Institute of Medicine (2005).","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (2005).. Dietary Reference Intakes: Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. The National Academies Press: Washington, DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.86.2.0241"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.72.6.2435"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110440"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","first-page":"R201","article-title":"Acclimatization to high altitude increase muscle sympathetic activity both at rest and during exercise","volume":"269","author":"Mazzeo R.S.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mazzeo R.S., , Brooks G.A., , Butterfield G.E., , Podolin D.A., , Wolfel E.E., , and Reeves J.T. (1995). Acclimatization to high altitude increase muscle sympathetic activity both at rest and during exercise. Am. J. Physiol., 269, R201\u2013207.","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","first-page":"R1192","article-title":"Poor relationship between arterial [lactate] and leg net release during exercise at 4,300\u2009m altitude","volume":"275","author":"Brooks G.A.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brooks G.A., , Wolfel E.E., , Butterfield G.E., , Cymerman A., , Roberts A.C., , Mazzeo R.S., , and Reeves J.T. (1998). Poor relationship between arterial [lactate] and leg net release during exercise at 4,300\u2009m altitude. Am. J. Physiol., 275, R1192\u20131201.","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1998.10480559"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/neu.2014.3483","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2014.3483","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2014.3483","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:20:59Z","timestamp":1777674059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/neu.2014.3483"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/neu.2014.3483"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2014.3483","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.725316059.793507724","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0897-7151","1557-9042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-7151","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}}}