{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:34:12Z","timestamp":1777926852870,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Repetitive back-and-forth head rotation from vigorous shaking is purported to be a central mechanism responsible for diffuse white matter injury, subdural hemorrhage, and retinal hemorrhage in some cases of abusive head trauma (AHT) in young children. Although animal studies have identified mechanisms of traumatic brain injury (TBI) associated with single rapid head acceleration-decelerations at levels experienced in a motor vehicle crash, few experimental studies have investigated TBI from repetitive head rotations. The objective of this study was to systematically investigate the post-injury pathological time-course after cyclic, low-velocity head rotations in the piglet and compare them with single head rotations. Injury metrics were the occurrence and extent of axonal injury (AI), extra-axial hemorrhage (EAH), red cell neuronal\/axonal change (RCNAC), and ocular injury (OI). Hyperflexion\/extension of the neck were purposefully avoided in the study, resulting in unscaled angular accelerations at the lower end of reported infant surrogate shaking kinematics. All findings were at the mild end of the injury spectrum, with no significant findings at 6\u2009h post-injury. Cyclic head rotations, however, produced modest AI that significantly increased with time post-injury (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.035) and had significantly greater amounts of RCNAC and EAH than noncyclic head rotations after 24\u2009h post-injury (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). No OI was observed. Future studies should investigate the contributions of additional physiological and mechanical features associated with AHT (e.g., hyperflexion\/extension, increased intracranial pressure from crying or thoracic compression, and more than two cyclic episodes) to enhance our understanding of the causality between proposed mechanistic factors and AHT in infants.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,8]],"date-time":"2016-03-08T02:28:08Z","timestamp":1457404088000},"page":"235-247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Cyclic Head Rotations Produce Modest Brain Injury in Infant Piglets"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Brittany","family":"Coats","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gil","family":"Binenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital of Philadelphia"},{"name":"University of Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Peiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cindy W","family":"Christian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann-Christine","family":"Duhaime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan S.","family":"Margulies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","author":"Langlois J.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Langlois J., , Rutland-Brown W., and Thomas K. (2004). Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control: Atlanta, GA.","journal-title":"Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"CDC (2015). Percent distributions of TBI-related deaths by age group and injury mechanism\u2014United States 2006\u20132010. Available at: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/traumaticbraininjury\/data\/dist_hosp.html. Accessed: April19 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.1.165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.90.2.179"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.3.602"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Childhood head injuries: accidental or inflicted?","volume":"154","author":"Reece R.M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Reece R.M., , and Sege R. (2000). Childhood head injuries: accidental or inflicted?. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med., 154, 11\u201315.","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-009-1048-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0356"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-3647"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0408"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2010.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.5.454"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","first-page":"854","author":"Eucker S.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eucker S., , Friess S., , Ralston J., , and Margulies S. (2008). Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Response Following Brain Injury Depends on Direction of Head Motion. National Neurotrauma Society: Orlando, FL., pps.854\u2013935.","journal-title":"Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Response Following Brain Injury Depends on Direction of Head Motion"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2010.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.1212"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","author":"Margulies S.S.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Margulies S.S., , Meaney D.F., , Smith D.H., , Chen X.H., , Miller R., and Raghupathi R. (1999). A Comparison of Diffuse Brain Injury in the Newborn and Adult Pig. International Research Committee on the Biomechanics of Impact: Barcelona, Spain.","journal-title":"A Comparison of Diffuse Brain Injury in the Newborn and Adult Pig"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"Prange M. and Margulies S. (2001). Tissue strain thresholds for axonal injury in the infant brain. Kamm R. (ed). The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Bioengineering Conference.: Snowbird UT pps. 833\u2013834."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/08977150260190438"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/089771504322972095"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1998.15.693"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2002.tb00446.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1987.66.3.0409"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.99.1.0143"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2011.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1971.tb05062.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.48.10.757"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000094164"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(86)90080-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","first-page":"384","volume-title":"Proc. R Soc.","author":"Dickerson J.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Dickerson J., , and Dobbing J. (1966). Prenatal and postnatal growth and development of the central nervous system of the pig. Proc. R Soc. London, Series B. 166, 384\u2013395."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","first-page":"429","article-title":"Some aspects of development of cerebral function in mammals","volume":"64","author":"Pampiglione G.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Pampiglione G. (1971). Some aspects of development of cerebral function in mammals. Proc. R Soc. Med., 64, 429\u2013435.","journal-title":"Proc. R Soc. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(79)90022-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00964525"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-014-0643-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0845"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000322448"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.2913"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2594"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5211"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","first-page":"317","article-title":"Can shaking alone casue fatal brain injury?","volume":"43","author":"Cory C.Z.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cory C.Z., , and Jones B.M. (2003). Can shaking alone casue fatal brain injury?. A biomechanical assessment of the Duhaime shaken baby syndrome model. Med. Sci. Law, 43, 317\u2013333.","journal-title":"A biomechanical assessment of the Duhaime shaken baby syndrome model. Med. Sci. Law"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/PED.2008.2.11.321"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(92)90231-O"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(71)90011-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.15.3.318"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.02.059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","author":"Eucker S.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Eucker S. (2009). Effect of Head Rotation Direction on Closed Head Injury in Neonatal Piglets. Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania;. Philadelphia.","journal-title":"Effect of Head Rotation Direction on Closed Head Injury in Neonatal Piglets"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.0087"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7172.1558"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3734"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-008-0583-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.09.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2009.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.150110"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","first-page":"380","article-title":"Accidental and nonaccidental head injuries in infants: a prospective study","volume":"102","author":"Vinchon M.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vinchon M., , DeFoort-Dhellemmes S., , Desurmont M., , and Dhellemmes P. (2005). Accidental and nonaccidental head injuries in infants: a prospective study. J. Neurosurg., 102, Suppl 4, 380\u2013384.","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-014-2959-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0b013e31815ebb27"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181afe826"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e3180327b55"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(88)80336-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/60.2.167"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2009.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","first-page":"90","volume-title":"Newsweek","year":"1956","unstructured":"(1956). The boys jeered her. In: Newsweek, pp. 90."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/neu.2015.4352","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2015.4352","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2015.4352","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:24:46Z","timestamp":1777674286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/neu.2015.4352"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/neu.2015.4352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2015.4352","relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-7151","1557-9042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-7151","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}}}