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Chemokine (C-C motif)) ligand 2 (CCL2), which is also known as monocyte chemotactic protein-1, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury (TBI), brain ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the time course of CCL2 accumulation in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after exposures to single and repeated blast overpressures of varied intensities along with the neuropathological changes and motor deficits resulting from these blast conditions. Significantly increased concentrations of CCL2 in CSF were evident by 1\u2009h of blast exposure and persisted over 24\u2009h with peak levels measured at 6\u2009h post-injury. The increased levels of CCL2 in CSF corresponded with both the number and intensities of blast overpressure and were also commensurate with the extent of neuromotor impairment and neuropathological abnormalities resulting from these exposures. CCL2 levels in CSF and plasma were tightly correlated with levels of CCL2 messenger RNA in cerebellum, the brain region most consistently neuropathologically disrupted by blast. In view of the roles of CCL2 that have been implicated in multiple neurodegenerative disorders, it is likely that the sustained high levels of CCL2 and the increased expression of its main receptor, CCR2, in the brain after blast may similarly contribute to neurodegenerative processes after blast exposure. In addition, the markedly elevated concentration of CCL2 in CSF might be a candidate early-response biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of blast-induced TBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]],"date-time":"2016-08-03T21:52:34Z","timestamp":1470261154000},"page":"952-962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Cerebrospinal Fluid Chemokine (C-C Motif) Ligand 2 Is an Early-Response Biomarker for Blast-Overpressure-Wave\u2013Induced Neurotrauma in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Army Institute of Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanling","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Army Institute of Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Oguntayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Army Institute of Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Wilder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Army Institute of Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Army Institute of Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Army Institute of Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Gist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Army Institute of Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peethambaran","family":"Arun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Army Institute of Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph B.","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Army Institute of Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2009.01.0008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2008.03.0038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2015.1004755"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003716"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072972"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.08.297"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-14-00256"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2012.00058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","volume-title":"Brain Neurotrauma: Molecular, Neuropsychological, and Rehabilitation Aspects","author":"Agoston D.V.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Agoston D.V., , and Kamnaksh A. 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