{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T16:43:14Z","timestamp":1781628194202,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has long been identified as a precipitating risk factor for higher-order cognitive deficits associated with the frontal and prefrontal cortices (PFC). In addition, mild repetitive TBI (rTBI), in particular, is being steadily recognized to increase the risk of neurodegenerative disease. Thus, further understanding of how mild rTBI changes the pathophysiology of the brain to lead to cognitive impairment is warranted. The current models of rTBI lack knowledge regarding chronic higher-order cognitive functions and the underlying neuronal physiology, especially functions involving the PFC. Here, we establish that five repeated mild hits, allowing rotational acceleration of the head, lead to chronic deficits in PFC-dependent functions such as social behavior, spatial working memory, and environmental response with concomitant microgliosis and a small decrease in the adaptation rate of layer V pyramidal neurons in the medial PFC (mPFC). However, structural damage is not seen on\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and extensive intrinsic excitability changes in layer V pyramidal neurons of the mPFC are not observed. Thus, this rTBI animal model can recapitulate chronic higher-order cognitive impairments without structural damage on MR imaging as observed in humans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,5]],"date-time":"2018-05-05T05:58:03Z","timestamp":1525499883000},"page":"2425-2434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Repeated Mild Head Injury Leads to Wide-Ranging Deficits in Higher-Order Cognitive Functions Associated with the Prefrontal Cortex"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Amber","family":"Nolan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"},{"name":"University of California"},{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edel","family":"Hennessy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"},{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Krukowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"},{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Guglielmetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"},{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myriam M.","family":"Chaumeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"},{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikaas S.","family":"Sohal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Rosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"},{"name":"University of California"},{"name":"University of California"},{"name":"University of California"},{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050310001645829"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617708080272"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"Faul M Xu L. Wald M.M. and Coronado V.G. (2010). Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Emergency Department Visits Hospitalizations and Deaths 2002\u20132006. US Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Available at: www.cdc.gov\/traumaticbraininjury\/pdf\/blue_book.pdf. Last accessed December1 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639408402643"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/089771501750055730"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702801400"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00084-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2008-23208"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32834c7eb9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.2084"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.2984"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181a9d503"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a55f7f"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.8334"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12248"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.7.857"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm153"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.1936"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25458"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24396"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200211000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050310001617352"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-9-55"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2017.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4870"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e318244c604"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2013.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.2952"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003839"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(85)90031-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.1211"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151418"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-1848.2004.00076.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","first-page":"e2389","article-title":"Delayed-matching-to-place task in a dry maze to measure spatial working memory in mice","author":"Feng X","year":"2017","unstructured":"Feng X, , Krubowski K., , Jopson T., , and Rosi S. (2017). Delayed-matching-to-place task in a dry maze to measure spatial working memory in mice. Bio. Protoc. 7, pii:. e2389.","journal-title":"Bio. Protoc. 7, pii:"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.827531"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed. L. Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, NJ.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-012-9156-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.16142535"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0144-13.2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10360"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3624-13.2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.7.JNS121822"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","first-page":"101","article-title":"Changes in social emotion recognition following traumatic frontal lobe injury","volume":"7","author":"Martins A.T.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Martins A.T., , Faisca L., , Esteves F., , Simao C., , Justo M.G., , Muresan A., , and Reis A. (2012). Changes in social emotion recognition following traumatic frontal lobe injury. Neural Regen. Res., 7, 101\u2013108.","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2017.1319576"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S68156"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074510"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4569"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24064"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3255"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14658"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.510"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11178"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115765"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23858"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2014.247"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0899"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31824c465a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2017.00058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00230"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-010-9102-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.342"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2013.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00240"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0881-12.2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq347"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159442"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","first-page":"4","article-title":"Defining an analytic framework to evaluate quantitative MRI markers of traumatic axonal injury: preliminary results in a mouse closed head injury model","author":"Haber M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haber M., , Hutchinson E.B., , Sadeghi N., , Cheng W.H., , Namjoshi D., , Cripton P., , Irfanoglu M.O., , Wellington C., , Diaz-Arrastia R., , and Pierpaoli C. (2017). Defining an analytic framework to evaluate quantitative MRI markers of traumatic axonal injury: preliminary results in a mouse closed head injury model. eNeuro. 4.","journal-title":"eNeuro"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/neu.2018.5731","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2018.5731","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2018.5731","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:31:10Z","timestamp":1777674670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/neu.2018.5731"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/neu.2018.5731"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2018.5731","relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-7151","1557-9042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-7151","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}}}