{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:08:25Z","timestamp":1790770105714,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555027200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Neuromodulation of spinal networks can improve motor control after spinal cord injury (SCI). The objectives of this study were to (1) determine whether individuals with chronic paralysis can stand with the aid of non-invasive electrical spinal stimulation with their knees and hips extended without trainer assistance, and (2) investigate whether postural control can be further improved following repeated sessions of stand training. Using a double-blind, balanced, within-subject cross-over, and sham-controlled study design, 15 individuals with SCI of various severity received transcutaneous electrical spinal stimulation to regain self-assisted standing. The primary outcomes included qualitative comparison of need of external assistance for knee and hip extension provided by trainers during standing without and in the presence of stimulation in the same participants, as well as quantitative measures, such as the level of knee assistance and amount of time spent standing without trainer assistance. None of the participants could stand unassisted without stimulation or in the presence of sham stimulation. With stimulation all participants could maintain upright standing with minimum and some (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20097) without external assistance applied to the knees or hips, using their hands for upper body balance as needed. Quality of balance control was practice-dependent, and improved with subsequent training. During self-initiated body-weight displacements in standing enabled by spinal stimulation, high levels of leg muscle activity emerged, and depended on the amount of muscle loading. Our findings indicate that the lumbosacral spinal networks can be modulated transcutaneously using electrical spinal stimulation to facilitate self-assisted standing after chronic motor and sensory complete paralysis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,26]],"date-time":"2018-10-26T10:37:50Z","timestamp":1540550270000},"page":"1435-1450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":234,"title":["Self-Assisted Standing Enabled by Non-Invasive Spinal Stimulation after Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Dimitry G.","family":"Sayenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California."},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mrinal","family":"Rath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California."},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam R.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel W.","family":"Burdick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leif A.","family":"Havton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. Reggie","family":"Edgerton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California."},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California."},{"name":"Institut Guttmann, Hospital de Neurorehabilitaci\u00f3, Institut Universitari adscrit a la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Badalona, Spain."},{"name":"Departments of Neurobiology and Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California."},{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yury P.","family":"Gerasimenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California."},{"name":"Pavlov Institute of Physiology, St. Petersburg, Russia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101638"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.137"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107937390803000402"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.1999.11719564"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"241","article-title":"Long-term user perceptions of an implanted neuroprosthesis for exercise, standing, and transfers after spinal cord injury","volume":"40","author":"Agarwal S.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Agarwal S., , Triolo R.J., , Kobetic R., , Miller M., , Bieri C., , Kukke S., , Rohde L., , and Davis J.A.Jr. (2003). Long-term user perceptions of an implanted neuroprosthesis for exercise, standing, and transfers after spinal cord injury. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 40, 241\u2013252.","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0572"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.177"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(09)17526-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2012.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2401"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25592"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"E15","article-title":"Against the odds: what to expect in rehabilitation of chronic spinal cord injury with a neurologically controlled Hybrid Assistive Limb exoskeleton","volume":"42","author":"Grasmucke D.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grasmucke D., , Zieriacks A., , Jansen O., , Fisahn C., , Sczesny-Kaiser M., , Wessling M., , Meindl R.C., , Schildhauer T.A., , and Aach M. (2017). Against the odds: what to expect in rehabilitation of chronic spinal cord injury with a neurologically controlled Hybrid Assistive Limb exoskeleton. A subgroup analysis of 55 patients according to age and lesion level. Neurosurg. Focus, 42, E15.","journal-title":"A subgroup analysis of 55 patients according to age and lesion level. Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00333"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.132"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2012.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12530"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.11.129"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60547-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2017.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0248-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bmt-2013-4014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772313Y.0000000149"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.12615"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968315591706"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2015.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00609.2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00146.2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5584"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00316.2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","first-page":"46","article-title":"[Transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord: non-invasive tool for activation of locomotor circuitry in human]","volume":"38","author":"Gorodnichev R.M.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gorodnichev R.M., , Pivovarova E.A., , Pukhov A., , Moiseev S.A., , Savokhin A.A., , Moshonkina T.R., , Shcherbakova N.A., , Kilimnik V.A., , Selionov V.A., , Kozlovskaia I.B., , Edgerton V.R., , and Gerasimenko Iu P. (2012). [Transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord: non-invasive tool for activation of locomotor circuitry in human]. Fiziol Cheloveka, 38, 46\u201356.","journal-title":"Fiziol Cheloveka"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl077"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.41"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2015.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101855"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199907000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1994.sp020032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.51.2.174"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101615"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","first-page":"394","article-title":"Epidural electric stimulation of posterior structures of the human lumbar spinal cord: 1","volume":"38","author":"Murg M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Murg M., , Binder H., , and Dimitrijevic M.R. (2000). Epidural electric stimulation of posterior structures of the human lumbar spinal cord: 1. muscle twitches - a functional method to define the site of stimulation. Spinal Cord, 38, 394\u2013402.","journal-title":"muscle twitches - a functional method to define the site of stimulation. Spinal Cord"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","first-page":"473","article-title":"Epidural electrical stimulation of posterior structures of the human lumbosacral cord: 2","volume":"38","author":"Rattay F.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rattay F., , Minassian K., , and Dimitrijevic M.R. (2000). Epidural electrical stimulation of posterior structures of the human lumbosacral cord: 2. quantitative analysis by computer modeling. Spinal Cord, 38, 473\u2013489.","journal-title":"quantitative analysis by computer modeling. Spinal Cord"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2010.2054112"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2011.01213.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-004-0511-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2007.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Finite element models of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation","author":"Danner S.M.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Danner S.M., , Hofstoetter U.S., , and Minassian K. (2013). Finite element models of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation. In: Jaeger D., , Jung R.(eds.), Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 1\u20136.","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0421-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bmt-2013-4013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-003-1666-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00136.2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00041.2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00575.2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","first-page":"76","article-title":"Contribution of supraspinal systems to generation of automatic postural responses","volume":"8","author":"Deliagina T.G.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Deliagina T.G., , Beloozerova I.N., , Orlovsky G.N., , and Zelenin P.V. (2014). Contribution of supraspinal systems to generation of automatic postural responses. Front. Integrat. Neurosci. 8, 76.","journal-title":"Front. Integrat. Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00583.2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aen295"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147479"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101263"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00489.2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2014.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280500534861"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09097.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410370506"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2007.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00115.2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(92)90014-C"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35067570"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102313"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00449.2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-3864-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.8.1276"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00443.2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4256"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cns.1986.3.129"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","first-page":"307","article-title":"Enhancement of voluntary motor function following spinal cord stimulation\u2013case study","volume":"49","author":"Barolat G.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Barolat G., , Myklebust J.B., , and Wenninger W. (1986). Enhancement of voluntary motor function following spinal cord stimulation\u2013case study. Appl. Neurophysiol. 49, 307\u2013314.","journal-title":"Appl. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.1.83"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.79.3.1329"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/neu.2018.5956","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2018.5956","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2018.5956","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:32:00Z","timestamp":1777674720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/neu.2018.5956"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/neu.2018.5956"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2018.5956","relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-7151","1557-9042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-7151","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]]}}}