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We therefore evaluated these responses to OS in post-mTBI patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In 17 post-mTBI patients (interval since mTBI: 32.4\u2009\u00b1\u20096.8 months) and 17 age- and sex-matched controls, we recorded respiration, electrocardiographic RR intervals, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures (BPsys, BPdia) before and during pleasant vanilla stimulation and unpleasant hydrogen sulphide (H2S) stimulation. Participants rated OS-related pleasantness, arousal, intensity, and familiarity on 9-point Likert scales. Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with post hoc analyses compared parameters within each group before and during OS. To assess associations between pleasantness, arousal, intensity, and familiarity, we correlated OS scores within groups (significance:\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Baseline parameters were similar between groups. Only in controls, vanilla stimulation significantly lowered BPsys and BPdia, whereas H2S stimulation lowered RR intervals. Vanilla-related pleasantness scores were lower, intensity scores were higher in patients than controls. During vanilla stimulation, pleasantness scores correlated negatively with arousal scores in controls, whereas familiarity scores correlated positively with intensity scores in patients. During H2S stimulation, familiarity scores correlated negatively with pleasantness scores in controls, whereas pleasantness scores correlated negatively with arousal scores in mTBI patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Post-mTBI patients could not change BP or RR intervals during OS but perceived vanilla stimuli as less pleasant and more intense than did controls. Associations between pleasantness, arousal, intensity, and familiarity differed between groups suggesting different activation of the olfactory network and the central autonomic network upon OS. Subtle lesions within these networks might cause persistent changes in emotional and cognitive odor perception and cardiovascular responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.6215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,12]],"date-time":"2019-07-12T08:37:47Z","timestamp":1562920667000},"page":"125-138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Emotional and Autonomic Processing of Olfactory Stimuli Is Compromised in Patients with a History of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Max J.","family":"Hilz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany."},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruihao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dafin","family":"Muresanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania."},{"name":"RoNeuro Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Flanagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klemens","family":"Winder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"H\u00f6sl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16501960410023732"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.08111676"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390600826587"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2015.1004755"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854040903074652"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854040903074652"},{"issue":"257","key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"e128","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for mild traumatic brain injury and persistent symptoms","volume":"58","author":"Marshall S.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marshall S., , Bayley M., , McCullagh S., , Velikonja D., , and Berrigan L. 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