{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T17:28:11Z","timestamp":1782322091639,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The aim of the study was to examine the ability of eight protein biomarkers and their combinations in discriminating computed tomography (CT)-negative and CT-positive patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), utilizing highly sensitive immunoassays in a well-characterized cohort. Blood samples were obtained from 160 patients with acute TBI within 24\u2009h of admission. Levels of \u03b2-amyloid isoforms 1\u201340 (A\u03b240) and 1\u201342 (A\u03b242), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), heart fatty-acid binding protein (H-FABP), interleukin 10 (IL-10), neurofilament light (NF-L), S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B), and tau were measured. Patients were divided into CT-negative (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200965) and CT-positive (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200995), and analyses were conducted separately for TBIs of all severities (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score 3\u201315) and mild TBIs (mTBIs; GCS 13\u201315). NF-L, GFAP, and tau were the best in discriminating CT-negative and CT-positive patients, both in patients with mTBI and with all severities. In patients with all severities, area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) was 0.822, 0.817, and 0.781 for GFAP, NF-L, and tau, respectively. In patients with mTBI, AUC was 0.720, 0.689, and 0.676, for GFAP, tau, and NF-L, respectively. The best panel of three biomarkers for discriminating CT-negative and CT-positive patients in the group of all severities was a combination of GFAP+H-FABP+IL-10, with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 38.5%. In patients with mTBI, the best panel of three biomarkers was H-FABP+S100B+tau, with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 46.4%. Panels of biomarkers outperform individual biomarkers in separating CT-negative and CT-positive patients. Panels consisted mainly of different biomarkers than those that performed best as an individual biomarker.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.6254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]],"date-time":"2019-02-14T04:35:40Z","timestamp":1550118940000},"page":"2178-2189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Correlation of Blood Biomarkers and Biomarker Panels with Traumatic Findings on Computed Tomography after Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Jussi P.","family":"Posti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland."},{"name":"Turku Brain Injury Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland."},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riikka S.K.","family":"Takala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turku Brain Injury Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland."},{"name":"Perioperative Services, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linn\u00e9a","family":"Lagerstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Specialities of Internal Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex M.","family":"Dickens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turku Center for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iftakher","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland."},{"name":"Turku Brain Injury Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland."},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehrbod","family":"Mohammadian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turku Brain Injury Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland."},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henna","family":"Ala-Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turku Brain Injury Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland."},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janek","family":"Frantz\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland."},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"van Gils","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd., Tampere, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ari J.","family":"Katila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turku Brain Injury Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland."},{"name":"Department of Specialities of Internal Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henna-Riikka","family":"Maanp\u00e4\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland."},{"name":"Turku Brain Injury Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland."},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David K.","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia F.","family":"Newcombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jussi","family":"Tallus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turku Brain Injury Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland."},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland."},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Hrusovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quanterix Corporation, Lexington, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David H.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quanterix Corporation, Lexington, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Charles","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Specialities of Internal Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olli","family":"Tenovuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turku Brain Injury Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland."},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Zetterberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, M\u00f6lndal, Sweden."},{"name":"Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, M\u00f6lndal, Sweden."},{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, United Kingdom."},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaj","family":"Blennow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, M\u00f6lndal, Sweden."},{"name":"Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, M\u00f6lndal, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Traumatic Brain Injury","author":"Kasper C.E.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kasper C.E. (2015). Traumatic Brain Injury. Springer: New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-015-2512-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30371-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00002-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Prediction of neurosurgical intervention after mild traumatic brain injury using the national trauma data bank","author":"Sweeney T.E.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sweeney T.E., , Salles A., , Harris O.A., , Spain D.A., , and Staudenmayer K.L. (2015). Prediction of neurosurgical intervention after mild traumatic brain injury using the national trauma data bank. World J. Emerg. Surg. 10.","journal-title":"World J. Emerg. Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200007133430204"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04561-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra072149"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2014.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-50"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2010.091363"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000123092.97047.B1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/45.1.138"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","first-page":"79","article-title":"The levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 during the first week after a traumatic brain injury: correlations with clinical and imaging findings","author":"Posti J.P.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Posti J.P., , Takala R.S.K., , Runtti H., , Newcombe V.F., , Outtrim J., , Katila A.J., , Frantz\u00e9n J., , Ala-Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4 H., , Coles J.P., , Iftakher Hossain M., , Kyll\u00f6nen A., , Maanp\u00e4\u00e4 H.-R., , Tallus J., , Hutchinson P.J., , Van Gils M., , Menon D.K., , and Tenovuo O. (2016). The levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 during the first week after a traumatic brain injury: correlations with clinical and imaging findings. Neurosurgery. 79.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4149"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4333"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","first-page":"8","article-title":"A systematic review of the usefulness of glial fibrillary acidic protein for predicting acute intracranial lesions following head trauma","author":"Luoto T.M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luoto T.M., , Raj R., , Posti J.P., , Gardner A.J., , Panenka W.J., , and Iverson G.L. (2017). A systematic review of the usefulness of glial fibrillary acidic protein for predicting acute intracranial lesions following head trauma. Front. Neurol. 8.","journal-title":"Front. Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.2853"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3245"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30231-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2589"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175572"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193278"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000063313.57292.00"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4496"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003912"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.0655"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2211068215589580"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","first-page":"30","article-title":"Injury profiles, demography and representativeness of patients with TBI attending a regional emergency department","author":"Ala-Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4 H.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ala-Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4 H., , Heino I., , Frantz\u00e9n J., , Takala R.S.K., , Katila A.J., , Kyll\u00f6nen A., , Maanp\u00e4\u00e4 H.-R., , Posti J.P., , Tallus J., , and Tenovuo O. (2016). Injury profiles, demography and representativeness of patients with TBI attending a regional emergency department. Brain Inj. 30.","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","first-page":"87","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 as outcome predictors in traumatic brain injury","author":"Takala R.S.K.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Takala R.S.K., , Posti J.P., , Runtti H., , Newcombe V.F., , Outtrim J., , Katila A.J., , Frantz\u00e9n J., , Ala-Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4 H., , Kyll\u00f6nen A., , Maanp\u00e4\u00e4 H.-R., , Tallus J., , Hossain M.I., , Coles J.P., , Hutchinson P., , Van Gils M., , Menon D.K., , and Tenovuo O. (2016). Glial fibrillary acidic protein and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 as outcome predictors in traumatic brain injury. World Neurosurg. 87.","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","first-page":"34","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 are not specific biomarkers for mild CT-negative traumatic brain injury","author":"Posti J.P.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Posti J.P., , Hossain I., , Takala R.S.K., , Liedes H., , Newcombe V., , Outtrim J., , Katila A.J., , Frantz\u00e9n J., , Ala-Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4 H., , Coles J.P., , Kyll\u00f6nen A., , Maanp\u00e4\u00e4 H.R., , Tallus J., , Hutchinson P.J., , Van Gils M., , Menon D.K., , and Tenovuo O. (2017). Glial fibrillary acidic protein and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 are not specific biomarkers for mild CT-negative traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma. 34.","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"1","author":"Brain Trauma Foundation; American Association of Neurological Surgeons; Congress of Neurological Surgeons; Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care AA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brain Trauma Foundation; American Association of Neurological Surgeons; Congress of Neurological Surgeons; Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care AA, NS\/CNS, Carney NA, , and Ghajar J. (2007). Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. Introduction. J. Neurotrauma 24 Suppl, 1, S1\u2013S2.","journal-title":"Introduction. J. Neurotrauma 24 Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/sup.1991.75.1s.0s14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.200710415"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trprot.2013.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.0039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4772"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2452061509"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/neu.2018.6254","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2018.6254","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2018.6254","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:33:25Z","timestamp":1777674805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/neu.2018.6254"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/neu.2018.6254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2018.6254","relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-7151","1557-9042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-7151","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]}}}