{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T12:29:07Z","timestamp":1793190547755,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a risk for military personnel due to blast overpressures, which may result from a variety of sources, including artillery and improvised explosive devices. Much research has gone into the search for a biomarker to identify patients with a TBI. The FDA recently identified two proteins, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1), as biomarkers to evaluate suspected brain injury. Our group previously observed changes in UCH-L1 in a military population exposed to repeated blast. In our current study we assessed GFAP protein levels in a military population exposed to repeated blast during a 2-week training protocol. We observed GFAP levels were reduced in the moderate blast cases on days 6 and 7 during the training. Specifically, moderate blast cases showed a 24.07% reduction from baseline on day 6 and a 29.61% reduction on day 7. Further, GFAP levels were negatively correlated with cumulative blast experienced during training and with duration of military service. We observed that repeated blast exposure at low levels may impact acute changes in GFAP. Additionally subacute cumulative blast exposure or duration of service was also a factor in influencing GFAP levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]],"date-time":"2019-10-23T07:39:57Z","timestamp":1571816397000},"page":"1091-1096","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Assessing a Blast-Related Biomarker in an Operational Community: Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Experienced Breachers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Anna E.","family":"Tschiffely","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan K.","family":"Statz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland."},{"name":"Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie A.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Goforth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland."},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen T.","family":"Ahlers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter S.","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica M.","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland."},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00030"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.08101604"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23179"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e31819581d8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv038"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NT.0000532091.01255.0b","article-title":"In the clinic-traumatic brain injury: FDA approves first blood test for brain bleeds after mild TBI\/concussion","volume":"18","author":"Samson K.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Samson K. (2018). In the clinic-traumatic brain injury: FDA approves first blood test for brain bleeds after mild TBI\/concussion. Neurology Today, 18, 12\u201318.","journal-title":"Neurology Today"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200394"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10286"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4806"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Blood-based protein biomarkers for the management of traumatic brain injuries in adults presenting to emergency departments with mild injury: a living systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Mondello S.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mondello S., , Sorinola A., , Czeiter E., , Vamos Z., , Amrein K, , Synnot A., , Donoghue E., , Sandor J., , Wang K.K.W., , Diaz-Arrastia R., , Steyerberg E.W., , Menon D.K., , Maas A.I.R., , and Buki A. (2017). Blood-based protein biomarkers for the management of traumatic brain injuries in adults presenting to emergency departments with mild injury: a living systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Neurotrauma, 34, 1.","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00300"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3873"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00049"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","first-page":"e186","article-title":"Moderate blast exposure alters gene expression and levels of amyloid precursor protein","volume":"3","author":"Gill J.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gill J., , Cashion A., , Osier N., , Arcurio L., , Motamedi V., , Dell K.C., , Carr W., , Kim H.S., , Yun S., , Walker P., , Ahlers S., , LoPresti M., , and Yarnell A. (2017). Moderate blast exposure alters gene expression and levels of amyloid precursor protein. Neurology, 3, e186.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-15-00137"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","first-page":"8723","article-title":"Systems biomarkers as acute diagnostics and chronic monitoring tools for traumatic brain injury","author":"Wang K.K.W.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang K.K.W., , Moghieb A., , Yang Z., , Zhang Z. (2013). Systems biomarkers as acute diagnostics and chronic monitoring tools for traumatic brain injury. Sensing Tech Global Health, Mil. Med. and Enviro. Monitoring. Proceedings of SPIE, 8723.","journal-title":"Sensing Tech Global Health, Mil. Med. and Enviro. Monitoring. Proceedings of SPIE,"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Biomarkers of traumatic brain injury: temporal changes in body fluids","author":"Adrian H.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adrian H., , Marten K., , Salla N., , and Lasse V. (2016). Biomarkers of traumatic brain injury: temporal changes in body fluids. eNeuro, 3.","journal-title":"eNeuro,"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3040"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00048"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003748"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","first-page":"11344","article-title":"Blast exposure elicits blood-brain barrier disruption and repair mediated by tight junction integrity and nitric oxide dependent processes","volume":"8","author":"Logsdon A.F.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Logsdon A.F., , Meabon J.S., , Cline M.M., , Bullock K.M., , Raskind M.A., , Peskind E.R., , Banks W.A., , and Cook D.G. (2018). Blast exposure elicits blood-brain barrier disruption and repair mediated by tight junction integrity and nitric oxide dependent processes. Sci. Reports, 8, 11344.","journal-title":"Sci. Reports"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","first-page":"518","article-title":"Biomarkers of traumatic injury are transported from brain to blood via the glympahticsystem","volume":"35","author":"Plog B.A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Plog B.A., , Dashnaw M.L., , Hitomi E., , Peng W., , Liao Y., , Lou N., , Deane R., , and Nedergaard M. (2015). Biomarkers of traumatic injury are transported from brain to blood via the glympahticsystem. Neurobiol. Dis. 35, 518\u2013526.","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241224"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/neu.2019.6512","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2019.6512","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2019.6512","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:34:18Z","timestamp":1777674858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/neu.2019.6512"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/neu.2019.6512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2019.6512","relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-7151","1557-9042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-7151","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}}}