{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T09:03:06Z","timestamp":1784278986537,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"\n This study examined the association between estimated age of first exposure (eAFE) to contact sport participation and neurocognitive performance and symptom ratings in U.S. service academy National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes. Male cadets (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009891), who participate in lacrosse (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009211), wrestling (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009170), ice hockey (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200981), soccer (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009119), rugby (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200910), or non-contact sports (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009298), completed the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) test before the season. Generalized linear modeling was used to predict each neurocognitive domain score and total symptom severity score. Predictor variables were entered in the following order: group (contact vs. non-contact); eAFE (eAFE <12 years vs. eAFE \u226512 years); group-by-eAFE; and covariates for learning accommodation status, concussion history, and age. The group-by-eAFE interaction was not significant for any of the ImPACT composite scores (Verbal Memory, Wald \u03c7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20090.073,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.788; Visual Memory, Wald \u03c7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20092.71,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.100; Visual Motor Speed, Wald \u03c7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20090.078,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.780; Reaction Time, Wald \u03c7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20090.003,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.955; Symptom Severity, Wald \u03c7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20092.87,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.090). Learning accommodation history was associated with lower scores on Visual Motor Speed (\u03c7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20096.19,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.013, B\u2009=\u2009\u22122.97). Older age was associated with faster reaction time (\u03c7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20094.40,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.036, B\u2009=\u2009\u22120.006) and lesser symptom severity (\u03c7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20095.55,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.019, B\u2009=\u2009\u22120.068). No other parameters were significant. We observed no association between eAFE, contact sport participation, neurocognitive functioning, or subjectively experienced symptoms in this cohort. Earlier eAFE to contact sport participation is not related to worse neurocognitive performance or greater subjectively experienced symptoms in male U.S. service academy NCAA athletes.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,3]],"date-time":"2019-08-03T02:46:48Z","timestamp":1564800408000},"page":"334-339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Estimated Age of First Exposure to Contact Sports Is Not Associated with Greater Symptoms or Worse Cognitive Functioning in Male U.S. Service Academy Athletes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Jaclyn B.","family":"Caccese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant L.","family":"Iverson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School; Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital; Spaulding Research Institute; MassGeneral Hospital for Children Sports Concussion Program; and Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Health and Rehabilitation Research, Charlestown, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth L.","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John A. Feagin Jr. Sports Medicine Fellowship, Keller Army Hospital, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan N.","family":"Houston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John A. Feagin Jr. Sports Medicine Fellowship, Keller Army Hospital, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald T.","family":"McGinty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Air Force Academy, U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan C.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"10th Medical Group, U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"O'Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Coast Guard Academy Regional Clinic, New London, Connecticut."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul F.","family":"Pasquina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rehabilitation Sciences Research, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven P.","family":"Broglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Concussion Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"McCrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Neurosurgery, Milwaukee, Wisconsin."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"McAllister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware."},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Biomechanics and Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"311","article-title":"Epidemiology of collegiate injuries for 15 sports: summary and recommendations for injury prevention initiatives","volume":"42","author":"Hootman J.M.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hootman J.M., , Dick R., , and Agel J. 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