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To examine whether microbleeds and axonal injury colocalize after TBI, we performed whole-brain susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in 14 patients during the subacute phase after severe TBI. SWI was used to determine the number and volumes of microbleeds in five brain regions: the frontotemporal lobe; parieto-occipital lobe; midsagittal region (cingular cortex, parasagittal white matter, and corpus callosum); deep nuclei (basal ganglia and thalamus); and brainstem. Averaged fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were measured to assess microstructural changes in the normal appearing white matter attributed to axonal injury in the same five regions. Regional expressions of microbleeds and microstructure were used in a partial least-squares model to predict the impairment of consciousness in the subacute stage after TBI as measured with the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R). Only in the midsagittal region, the expression of microbleeds was correlated with regional changes in microstructure as revealed by DTI. Microbleeds and microstructural DTI-based metrics of deep, but not superficial, brain regions were able to predict individual CRS-R. Our results suggest that microbleeds are not strictly related to axonal pathology in other than the midsagittal region. While each measure alone was predictive, the combination of both metrics scaled best with individual CRS-R. Structural alterations in deep brain structures are relevant in terms of determining the severity of impaired consciousness in the acute stage after TBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,5]],"date-time":"2019-10-05T06:57:00Z","timestamp":1570258620000},"page":"581-592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Limited Colocalization of Microbleeds and Microstructural Changes after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Sara H.","family":"Andreasen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance (DRCMR), Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark."},{"name":"Research Unit on Brain Injury Rehabilitation Copenhagen (RUBRIC), Department of Neurorehabilitation, Traumatic Brain Injury, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark."},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasper W.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance (DRCMR), Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Conde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance (DRCMR), Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark."},{"name":"Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim B.","family":"Dyrby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance (DRCMR), Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark."},{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. 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