{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:38:05Z","timestamp":1777927085235,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Although a base level of knowledge is needed to recognize a concussion, knowledge-focused concussion educational materials ignore multifaceted barriers to concussion reporting. We compared student-athlete concussion reporting intentions and behaviors prior to and 1 year after exposure to an intervention or control treatment. We randomly assigned 891 collegiate student-athletes from three universities (Divisions I, II, III) to either the control group (National College Athletic Association [NCAA] Concussion Fact Sheet) or intervention group (theory-based, data-driven, multimedia, simulated concussion reporting module). A final sample of 520 student-athletes (control\u2009=\u2009253, intervention\u2009=\u2009267, expired eligibility\u2009=\u2009189, left university\u2009=\u2009182) completed intentions and behaviors surveys immediately prior to and 1 year after the educational intervention, and a second survey to assess the intervention effect. We compared intentions using 2 x 2 mixed model analyses of variance (ANOVAs). Behaviors and educational intervention effect were assessed using logistic regression models (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05). The intervention group had significantly improved concussion reporting intentions at 1-year follow-up relative to the control group (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.009), but had similar odds for behaviors. The intervention group had 2.42 times greater odds of rating the module as \u201cvery effective,\u201d rather than \u201cnot effective\u201d relative to the control group (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10,5.33). Relative to the control group, the intervention group had significantly greater odds of responding that the concussion education \u201cgreatly improved\u201d rather than \u201cdid not improve\u201d their knowledge (odds ratio [OR]: 2.49, 95% CI:1.25,4.96), attitudes (OR: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.23,4.03), self-efficacy (OR: 1.95,95% CI: 1.05,3.60), and intentions (OR: 1.86,95% CI: 1.03,3.35). The intervention was more effective at targeting elements of the overall sport culture in a way that substantively improved concussion reporting. We recommend use of this intervention in combination with other evidence-based educational materials.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]],"date-time":"2019-10-10T02:58:13Z","timestamp":1570676293000},"page":"593-599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Improving Concussion Reporting across National College Athletic Association Divisions Using a Theory-Based, Data-Driven, Multimedia Concussion Education Intervention"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Julianne D.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":", Jr","given":"David Welch","family":"Suggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Journalism, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bierema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Lifelong Education, Administration, &amp; Policy, and University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. Stephen","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Reifsteck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of University Health Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Courson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia Athletics Association, Sports Medicine, Athens, Georgia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Russel","family":"Hoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karli","family":"Dill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University Sports Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Dunham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University Sports Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-48.3.20"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jsm.0000432853.77520.3d"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514521774"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318291d3b3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jlme.12146"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-52.3.08"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513519073"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0017896918806935"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/100165"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2331186X.2016.1256141"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318289c321"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2017.1280180"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092498"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000137"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-51.12.02"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2013.775508"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.10.271"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jlme.12148"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","first-page":"182","article-title":"Concussion education in U.S. collegiate sport: what is happening and what do athletes want? 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