{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:38:16Z","timestamp":1777927096884,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated patterns of cortical organization in adolescents who had sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) during early childhood to determine ways in which early head injury may alter typical brain development. Increased gyrification in other patient populations is associated with polymicrogyria and aberrant development, but this has not been investigated in TBI. Seventeen adolescents (mean age\u2009=\u200914.1\u2009\u00b1\u20092.4) who sustained a TBI between 1\u20138 years of age, and 17 demographically-matched typically developing children (TDC) underwent a high-resolution, T1-weighted 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 6\u201315 years post-injury. Cortical white matter volume and organization was measured using FreeSurfer's Local Gyrification Index (LGI). Despite a lack of significant difference in white matter volume, participants with TBI demonstrated significantly increased LGI in several cortical regions that are among those latest to mature in normal development, including left parietal association areas, bilateral dorsolateral and medial frontal areas, and the right posterior temporal gyrus, relative to the TDC group. Additionally, there was no evidence of increased surface area in the regions that demonstrated increased LGI. Higher Vineland-II Socialization scores were associated with decreased LGI in right frontal and temporal regions. The present results suggest an altered pattern of expected development in cortical gyrification in the TBI group, with changes in late-developing frontal and parietal association areas. Such changes in brain structure may underlie cognitive and behavioral deficits associated with pediatric TBI. Alternatively, increased gyrification following TBI may represent a compensatory mechanism that allows for typical development of cortical surface area, despite reduced brain volume.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,6]],"date-time":"2020-06-06T01:13:50Z","timestamp":1591406030000},"page":"133-143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Developmental Alterations in Cortical Organization and Socialization in Adolescents Who Sustained a Traumatic Brain Injury in Early Childhood"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Elisabeth A.","family":"Wilde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA."},{"name":"H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA."},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA."},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tricia L.","family":"Merkley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA."},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA."},{"name":"Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah M.","family":"Lindsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin D.","family":"Bigler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA."},{"name":"Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jill V.","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA."},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Ewing-Cobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Children's Learning Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Aitken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arkansas Children's Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arizona, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianne C.","family":"MacLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H. 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