{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T17:04:43Z","timestamp":1793639083707,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590537600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The purpose of this study was to characterize acute changes in inflammatory pathways in the mouse eye after blast-mediated traumatic brain injury (bTBI) and to determine whether modulation of these pathways could protect the structure and function of retinal ganglion cells (RGC). The bTBI was induced in C57BL\/6J male mice by exposure to three 20 psi blast waves directed toward the head with the body shielded, with an inter-blast interval of one hour. Acute cytokine expression in retinal tissue was measured through reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) four hours post-blast. Increased retinal expression of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">interleukin<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">lL)-1\u03b2, IL-1\u03b1, IL-6,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tumor necrosis factor (TNF)\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    was observed in bTBI mice exposed to blast when compared with shams, which was associated with activation of microglia and macroglia reactivity, assessed via immunohistochemistry with ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein, respectively, one week post-blast. Blockade of the IL-1 pathway was accomplished using anakinra, an IL-1RI antagonist, administered intra-peritoneally for one week before injury and continuing for three weeks post-injury. Retinal function and RGC layer thickness were evaluated four weeks post-injury using pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), respectively. After bTBI, anakinra treatment resulted in a preservation of RGC function and RGC structure when compared with saline treated bTBI mice. Optic nerve integrity analysis demonstrated a trend of decreased damage suggesting that IL-1 blockade also prevents axonal damage after blast. Blast exposure results in increased retinal inflammation including upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of resident microglia and macroglia. This may explain partially the RGC loss we observed in this model, as blockade of the acute inflammatory response after injury with the IL-1R1 antagonist anakinra resulted in preservation of RGC function and RGC layer thickness.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]],"date-time":"2020-02-14T06:10:41Z","timestamp":1581660641000},"page":"1463-1480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Modulation of Post-Traumatic Immune Response Using the IL-1 Receptor Antagonist Anakinra for Improved Visual Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Lucy P.","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA."},{"name":"Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Addison W.","family":"Woll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany P.","family":"Todd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Hehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Hedberg-Buenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, USA."},{"name":"Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, and University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, USA."},{"name":"Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, and University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA."},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Newell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polly J.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinit B.","family":"Mahajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Omics Laboratory, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA."},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew M.","family":"Harper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, USA."},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander G.","family":"Bassuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2008.08.0109"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1010683"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.227"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","first-page":"516","article-title":"Concomitant cranial and ocular combat injuries during Operation Iraqi Freedom","volume":"67","author":"Cho R.I.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cho R.I., , Bakken H.E., , Reynolds M.E., , Schlifka B.A., , and Powers D.B. 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