{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T15:23:05Z","timestamp":1785770585968,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Post-concussion sleep disturbances can be debilitating and may influence days to symptom recovery; however, evidence is minimal. The purpose of this study was to explore relationships between days to symptom recovery and aspects of sleep, as measured by actigraphy and subjective sleep questionnaires in a concussed sample. Thirty-one college students were physician-diagnosed with a concussion and asked to complete a daily sleep symptom checklist. Participants (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200914) were excluded based on lack of compliance\/early termination (22.6%), recorded &lt;5 nights of data (12.9%), and protracted recoveries (3.2%). Final concussed sample included 17 college-aged students (varsity student-athletes,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20095; university students,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200912). A wrist-worn ActiGraph GT9X Link was provided during initial evaluation (within 72\u2009h post-injury) and worn continuously until symptom recovery (follow-up evaluation; 14.3\u2009\u00b1\u20095.9 days post-injury). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) also were completed at follow-up. Pearson's correlations were conducted to determine relationships between days to symptom recovery and actigraphy sleep outcomes (sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset (WASO\n                    <jats:sub>norm<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), total sleep time, sleep efficiency (SE), and number of awakenings) across recovery stages (2-3 days post-injury, mid-point, and end). Spearman's rho correlations were used to determine relationships between subjective sleep (PSQI global), sleepiness (ESS total), and sleep cluster symptom severity and days to symptom recovery. At recovery mid-point, individuals who were awake longer throughout the night (24.1\u2009\u00b1\u20099.0%) and\/or were less efficient at sleeping (73.7\u2009\u00b1\u20099.7%) took longer to recover (WASO\n                    <jats:sub>norm<\/jats:sub>\n                    :\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.58,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.015; SE:\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009-0.51,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.035). Poorer post-concussion sleep quality (based on PSQI) was correlated with longer recovery (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                      r\n                      <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.70,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001). Post-concussion sleep\u2013wake disturbances at recovery mid-point and overall poorer sleep quality may be associated with longer symptom recovery. Our findings provide preliminary guidance on identifying those who may be at risk for longer recoveries based on poorer sleep post-injury.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T05:53:26Z","timestamp":1574834006000},"page":"1029-1036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Relationships between Post-Concussion Sleep and Symptom Recovery: A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Nicole L.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology and Recreation, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"O'Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Lynall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julianne D.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097699"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0880-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097729"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001073"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-51.11.08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027888"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922816681603"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.23.6.792.1016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200605000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"42","article-title":"Differences in sleep between concussed and nonconcussed college students: a matched case-control study","author":"Hoffman N.L.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hoffman N.L., , O'Connor P.J., , Schmidt M.D., , Lynall R.C., , and Schmidt J.D. 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