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To date, various cell types have been trialed, with most studies focusing on different types of stem cells or glial cells. Here, we review commonly used cell transplantation approaches for spinal cord injury (SCI) repair, with focus on transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), the glial cells of the primary olfactory nervous system. OECs are promising candidates for promotion of neural repair given that they support continuous regeneration of the olfactory nerve that occurs throughout life. Further, OECs can be accessed from the nasal mucosa (olfactory neuroepithelium) at the roof of the nasal cavity and can be autologously transplanted. OEC transplantation has been trialed in many animal models of SCI, as well as in human clinical trials. While several studies have been promising, outcomes are variable and the method needs improvement to enhance aspects such as cell survival, integration, and migration. As a case study, we include the approaches used by our team (the Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia) to address the current problems with OEC transplantation and discuss how the therapeutic potential of OEC transplantation can be improved. Our approach includes discovery research to improve our knowledge of OEC biology, identifying natural and synthetic compounds to stimulate the neural repair properties of OECs, and designing three-dimensional cell constructs to create stable and transplantable cell structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]],"date-time":"2020-02-14T06:09:50Z","timestamp":1581660590000},"page":"817-829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Optimizing Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplantation for Spinal Cord Injury Repair"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Aaron D.","family":"Gilmour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia."},{"name":"Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronak","family":"Reshamwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia."},{"name":"Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia."},{"name":"Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison A.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia."},{"name":"Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny A.K.","family":"Ekberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia."},{"name":"Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia."},{"name":"Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"St John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia."},{"name":"Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia."},{"name":"Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000109801"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.146"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"309","article-title":"Global prevalence and incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"6","author":"Singh A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Singh A., , Tetreault L., , Kalsi-Ryan S., , Nouri A., , and Fehlings M.G. 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