{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:40:47Z","timestamp":1790228447234,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Despite pre-clinical evidence for the role of inflammation in traumatic brain injury (TBI), there is limited data on inflammatory biomarkers in mild TBI (mTBI). In this study, we describe the profile of plasma inflammatory cytokines and explore associations between these cytokines and neuropsychological outcomes after mTBI. Patients with mTBI with negative computed tomography and orthopedic injury (OI) controls without mTBI were prospectively recruited from emergency rooms at three trauma centers. Plasma inflammatory cytokine levels were measured from venous whole\u2013blood samples that were collected at enrollment (within 24\u2009h of injury) and at 6 months after injury. Neuropsychological tests were performed at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after the injury. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify associations between inflammatory cytokines and neuropsychological outcomes. A total of 53 mTBI and 24 OI controls were included in this study. The majority of patients were male (62.3%), and injured in motor vehicle accidents (37.7%). Plasma interleukin (IL)-2 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.01) and IL-6 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.01) within 24\u2009h post-injury were significantly higher for mTBI patients compared with OI controls. Elevated plasma IL-2 at 24\u2009h was associated with more severe 1-week post-concussive symptoms (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001). At 6 months, elevated plasma IL-10 was associated with greater depression scores (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.004) and more severe post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001). Plasma cytokine levels (within 24\u2009h and at 6 months post-injury) were significantly associated with early and late post-concussive symptoms, PTSD, and depression scores after mTBI. These results highlight the potential role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of post-traumatic symptoms after mTBI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T02:33:15Z","timestamp":1593484395000},"page":"53-62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Early versus Late Profiles of Inflammatory Cytokines after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Their Association with Neuropsychological Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Aditya","family":"Vedantam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harvey S.","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James J.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pramod K.","family":"Dash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B.","family":"Redell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose-Miguel","family":"Yamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia S.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc.5571"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.08.300"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4253"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4502"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4752"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3182491e3d"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.7.JNS132474"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.13174"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00190"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3698"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/neuroindia.NI_884_15"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2012.00058"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(99)00148-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-199511000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","first-page":"464","article-title":"Cerebrospinal IL-10 concentration is elevated in non-survivors compared with survivors after severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Kirchhoff C.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kirchhoff C., , Buhmann S., , Bogner V., , Stegmaier J., , Leidel B.A., , Braunstein V., , Mutschler W., , and Biberthaler P. 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