{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T09:03:10Z","timestamp":1784278990263,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613692800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The purpose of this study was to determine if earlier age of first exposure (AFE) to football is associated with worse brain health in middle-aged men who played high school football. We assessed 123 men 35\u201355 years of age, who played high school football, using (1) a survey of demographic information as well as medical, sport participation, and concussion history; (2) the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8); and (3) the British Columbia Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory (BC-PSI). Sixty-two (50.4%) men reported football participation starting before the age of 12 (i.e., AFE &lt;12 years) and 61 (49.6%) reported football participation at or after the age of 12 (AFE\n                    <jats:underline>&gt;<\/jats:underline>\n                    12 years). Compared with those with AFE\n                    <jats:underline>&gt;<\/jats:underline>\n                    12 years, a similar proportion of former high school football players who began playing tackle football before age 12 reported that they had been prescribed medications for mental health problems or that they had recently experienced symptoms of anxiety, depression, memory loss, chronic pain, or headaches. Moreover, there was no significant difference in their lifetime history of treatment by a mental health professional. The groups did not differ significantly on PHQ-8 (U\u2009=\u20091839.0,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.791) or BC-PSI total scores (U\u2009=\u20091828.5,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.751). These findings suggest that earlier AFE to football is not associated with worse brain health in middle-aged men in this sample who played high school football.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T01:06:58Z","timestamp":1604106418000},"page":"538-545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Age of First Exposure to Football Is Not Associated with Midlife Brain Health Problems"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Grant L.","family":"Iverson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"Spaulding Research Institute, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"MassGeneral Hospital for Children Sports Concussion Program, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"Center for Health and Rehabilitation Research, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas P.","family":"Terry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"Spaulding Research Institute, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"MassGeneral Hospital for Children Sports Concussion Program, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"Center for Health and Rehabilitation Research, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaclyn B.","family":"Caccese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fionn","family":"B\u00fcttner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary C.","family":"Merz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UNC Memorial Hospital, Chapel Hill, North Carolina."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"National Federation of State High School Associations (2019). 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Bodt B.A. Iverson G.L. Kaminski T.W. Bryk K. Oldham J. Broglio S.P. McCrea M. McAllister T. Buckley T.A. and CARE Consortium Investigators (2020). Estimated age of first exposure to contact sports and neurocognitive psychological and physical outcomes in healthy NCAA collegiate athletes: a cohort study. Sports Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","unstructured":"Caccese J.B. Houck Z. Kaminski T.W. Clugston J.R. Iverson G.L. Bryk K. Oldham J. Pasquina P.F. Broglio S.P. McAllister T. McCrea M. Buckley T.A. and CARE Consortium Investigators (in press). Estimated age of first exposure to American football and outcome from concussion. 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