{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T08:11:07Z","timestamp":1787991067662,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609372800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Recent attention to consequences of head trauma among former professional American-style football players has increased the likelihood that former players and their healthcare providers attribute neurocognitive effects to these exposures. In addition to head trauma, however, many potentially modifiable risk factors are associated with cognitive impairment. We examined the association of self-reported risk factors for cognitive impairment (e.g., cardiovascular health, sleep, pain, depression, anxiety, smoking, physical impairment, and physical activity) with cognition-related quality of life, measured by the Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders, Applied Cognition-General Concerns (Neuro-QOL) among 3803 former National Football League (NFL) players. We examined the prevalence of risk factors among men who had experienced a high number of concussion symptoms during playing years, comparing men with good current cognition-related QOL, the \u201chealthy concussed,\u201d to men with poor cognition-related QOL, the \u201cunhealthy concussed.\u201d Physical functioning, pain, depression, and anxiety were very strongly associated with poor cognitive-related QOL (risk ratio range, 2.21\u20132.70,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001 for all). Short sleep duration and low physical activity were also strongly associated (RR\u2009=\u20091.69 and 1.57, respectively,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001 for both). The largest differences between healthy and unhealthy concussed were in chronic pain (72.0% vs. 21.2%), depressive symptoms (50.3% vs. 6.3%), anxiety symptoms (53.4% vs. 11.6%), and physical impairment (52.4% vs. 12.5%). Substantial differences also existed in prevalence of sleep apnea, short sleep duration, high-intensity exercise, weight training, high blood pressure, and body mass index \u226535\u2009kg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    (all differences &gt;10 percentage points). We identified cognitive risk factors, including chronic pain, mood problems, sleep problems, obesity, and lack of exercise, that were commonly present in former football players with cognition-related impairment. Better treatment for these factors may reduce cognitive problems in this population.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T02:43:02Z","timestamp":1594262582000},"page":"189-195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Modifiable Risk Factors for Poor Cognitive Function in Former American-Style Football Players: Findings from the Harvard Football Players Health Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross D.","family":"Zafonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank E.","family":"Speizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Baggish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herman A.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, and Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Nadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute; 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