{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T12:26:09Z","timestamp":1783945569186,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    One of the most devastating chronic consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is cognitive impairment. One of the possible underlying causes is growth hormone deficiency (GHD) caused by TBI-induced hypopituitarism. Currently, TBI patients are not routinely screened for pituitary function, and there are no standard therapies when GHD is diagnosed. Further, the possible positive effects of GH replacement on cognitive function and quality of life after TBI are not well established. We aimed to assess the current knowledge regarding the effect of GH therapy on cognitive function and quality of life after TBI. We performed a literature search in PubMed, Embase, and Central\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    databases from inception to October 2019. We extracted data on each term of severity (mild-moderate-severe) of TBI with and without GHD, time since injury, parameters of growth hormone treatment (dosing, length), and cognitive outcomes in terms of verbal and non-verbal memory, and executive, emotional, and motor functions, and performed a meta-analysis on the results of a digit span test assessing working memory. We identified 12 studies (containing two randomized controlled trials) with 264 mild-to-moderate-to-severe TBI patients (Glasgow Coma Score [GCS] varied between 6 and 15) with (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009255) or without (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20099) GHD who received GH therapy. GH was administered subcutaneously in gradually increasing doses, monitoring serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) level. After TBI, regardless of GCS, 6\u201312 months of GH therapy, started in the chronic phase post-TBI, induced a moderate improvement in processing speed and memory capacities, decreased the severity of depression, and led to a marked improvement in quality of life. Limitations include the relatively low number of patients involved and the divergent neuropsychological tests used. These results indicate the need for further multi-centric controlled studies to substantiate the use of GH replacement therapy as a potential tool to alleviate TBI-related cognitive impairment and improve quality of life.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T00:32:45Z","timestamp":1615163565000},"page":"1467-1483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Effect of Growth Hormone on Neuropsychological Outcomes and Quality of Life of Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Nikolett","family":"Szarka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dora","family":"Szellar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szabolcs","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary."},{"name":"Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelli","family":"Farkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Szakacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andras","family":"Czigler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoltan","family":"Ungvari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine\/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary."},{"name":"Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging\/Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Hegyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andras","family":"Buki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Toth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary."},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary."},{"name":"International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine\/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary."},{"name":"MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2016.290"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.66.2.207"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"2752","article-title":"Prevalence of neuroendocrine dysfunction in patients recovering from traumatic brain injury","volume":"86","author":"Lieberman S.A.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lieberman S.A., , Oberoi A.L., , Gilkison C.R., , Masel B.E., , and Urban R.J. 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