{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T00:47:25Z","timestamp":1784422045300,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Early life stress (ELS) followed by pediatric mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) negatively impacts spatial learning and memory and increases microglial activation in adolescent rats, but whether the same paradigm negatively affects higher order executive function is not known. Hence, we utilized the attentional set-shifting test (AST) to evaluate executive function (cognitive flexibility) and to determine its relationship with neuroinflammation and hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis activity after pediatric mTBI in male rats. ELS was induced via maternal separation for 180\u2009min per day (MS180) during the first 21 post-natal (P) days, while controls (CONT) were undisturbed. At P21, fully anesthetized rats received a mild controlled cortical impact (2.2\u2009mm tissue deformation at 4\u2009m\/sec) or sham injury. AST was evaluated during adolescence on P35\u2013P40 and cytokine expression and HPA activity were analyzed on P42. The data indicate that pediatric mTBI produced a significant reversal learning deficit on the AST versus sham (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), but that the impairment was not exacerbated further by MS180. Additionally, ELS produced an overall elevation in set-loss errors on the AST, and increased hippocampal interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2 expression after TBI. A significant correlation was observed in executive dysfunction and IL-1\u03b2 expression in the ipsilateral pre-frontal cortex and hippocampus. Although the combination of ELS and pediatric mTBI did not worsen executive function beyond that of mTBI alone (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u20090.05), it did result in increased hippocampal neuroinflammation relative to mTBI (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). These findings provide important insight into the susceptibility to incur alterations in cognitive and neuroimmune functioning after stress exposure and TBI during early life.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]],"date-time":"2020-10-12T03:38:33Z","timestamp":1602473913000},"page":"411-421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Early Life Stress Preceding Mild Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury Increases Neuroinflammation but Does Not Exacerbate Impairment of Cognitive Flexibility during Adolescence"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Naima","family":"Lajud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Michoac\u00e1n \u2013 Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoac\u00e1n, M\u00e9xico."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Roque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Michoac\u00e1n \u2013 Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoac\u00e1n, M\u00e9xico."},{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."},{"name":"Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey P.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."},{"name":"Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corina O.","family":"Bondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."},{"name":"Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."},{"name":"Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony E.","family":"Kline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."},{"name":"Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."},{"name":"Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."},{"name":"Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."},{"name":"Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2007-22502"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.03.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2461"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050400004823"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn2501&2_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/chin.8.4.271.13503"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2009.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.6.PEDS0939"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","first-page":"380","article-title":"Accidental and nonaccidental head injuries in infants: a prospective study","volume":"4","author":"Vinchon M.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vinchon M., , Defoort-Dhellemmes S., , Desurmont M., , and Dhellemmes P. (2005). Accidental and nonaccidental head injuries in infants: a prospective study. J. Neurosurg. 102,, 4, Suppl., 380\u2013384.","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. 102,"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). https:\/\/www.who.int\/violence_injury_prevention\/violence\/activities\/adverse_childhood_experiences\/en\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/scnp.2002.33127"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(03)00007-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(02)00098-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12507"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2008.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162665"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12175"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00087"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.11.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2014.910649"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000485383"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612823666170224111641"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.112957"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.06.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000942"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200010000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.20805"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Early life stress and hippocampal neurogenesis in the neonate: sexual dimorphism, long term consequences and possible mediators","volume":"8","author":"Lajud N.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lajud N., , and Torner L. (2015). Early life stress and hippocampal neurogenesis in the neonate: sexual dimorphism, long term consequences and possible mediators. A minireview. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 8, 3.","journal-title":"A minireview. Front. Mol. Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/089771502753594882"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00075198-200204000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2012.00058"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(93)90189-V"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.01.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000125287"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-07-0634"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113318"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-11-04320.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3295"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.01.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(99)00093-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21947"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","volume-title":"A-Z of Quantitative PCR","author":"Bustin S.A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bustin S.A. (2004). A-Z of Quantitative PCR. International University Line: La Jolla, CA."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.112797"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00451"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2012.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2257-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2010.188"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","first-page":"161","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury results in a concomitant increase in neocortical expression of vasopressin and its V1a receptor","volume":"57","author":"Pascale C.L.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pascale C.L., , Szmydynger-Chodobska J., , Sarri J.E., , and Chodobski A. (2006). Traumatic brain injury results in a concomitant increase in neocortical expression of vasopressin and its V1a receptor. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 57, Suppl. 11, 161\u2013167.","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0000000000000450"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.01.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(92)90025-S"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2016.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.09.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2016.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204731"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2018.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3217-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183X.2005.00172.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-18-07840.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-1469"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2011.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","first-page":"905","article-title":"Expression of mRNAs for IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-10, TNF\u03b1, CX3CL1, and TGF\u03b21 cytokines in the brain tissues: assessment of contribution of blood cells with and without perfusion","volume":"84","author":"Kvichansky A.A.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kvichansky A.A., , Volobueva M.N., , Spivak Y.S., , Tret'yakova L. V., , Gulyaeva N. V., , and Bolshakov A.P. (2019). Expression of mRNAs for IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-10, TNF\u03b1, CX3CL1, and TGF\u03b21 cytokines in the brain tissues: assessment of contribution of blood cells with and without perfusion. Biochemistry, 84, 905\u2013910.","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5155"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2016.1163618"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2008.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.13.7778"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.1.7917"},{"issue":"13","key":"e_1_3_4_80_2","first-page":"625","article-title":"Forebrain CRF modulates early-life stress-programmed cognitive deficits","volume":"31","author":"Wang X.D.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang X.D., , Rammes G., , Kraev I., , Wolf M., , Liebl C., , Scharf S.H., , Rice C.J., , Wurst W., , Holsboer F., , Deussing J.M., , Baram T.Z., , Stewart M.G., , Muller M.B., , and Schmidt M. V. (2011). Forebrain CRF modulates early-life stress-programmed cognitive deficits. J. Neurosci. 31, 13, 625\u201313,634.","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1998.00064.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145713001004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.16.1.15"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021217"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsj077"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/neu.2020.7354","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2020.7354","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2020.7354","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:37:33Z","timestamp":1777675053000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/neu.2020.7354"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/neu.2020.7354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2020.7354","relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-7151","1557-9042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-7151","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]}}}