{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T05:33:09Z","timestamp":1778131989637,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The diagnosis and management of concussion is hindered by its diverse clinical presentation and assessment tools reliant on subjectively experienced symptoms. The biomechanical threshold of concussion is also not well understood, and asymptomatic concussion or \u201csubconcussive impacts\u201d of variable magnitudes are common in contact sports. Concerns have risen because athletes returning to activity too soon have an increased risk of prolonged recovery or long-term adverse health consequences. To date, little is understood on a molecular level regarding concussion and subconcussive impacts. Recent research suggests that neuroinflammatory mechanisms may serve an important role subsequent to concussion and possibly to subconcussive impacts. These studies suggest that autoantibodies may be a valuable tool for detection of acute concussion and monitoring for changes caused by cumulative exposure to subconcussive impacts. Hence, we aimed to profile the immunoglobulin (Ig)A autoantibody repertoire in saliva by screening a unique sport-related head trauma biobank. Saliva samples (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009167) were donated by male and female participants enrolled in either the concussion (24\u201348\u2009h post-injury) or subconcussion (non-concussed participants having moderate or high cumulative subconcussive impact exposure) cohorts. Study design included discovery and verification phases. Discovery aimed to identify new candidate autoimmune targets of IgA. Verification tested whether concussion and subconcussion cohorts increased IgA reactivity and whether cohorts showed similarities. The results show a significant increase in the prevalence of IgA toward protein fragments representing 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A (HTR1A), serine\/arginine repetitive matrix 4 (SRRM4) and FAS (tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6) after concussion and subconcussion. These results may suggest that concussion and subconcussion induce similar physiological effects, especially in terms of immune response. Our study demonstrates that saliva is a potential biofluid for autoantibody detection in concussion and subconcussion. After rigorous confirmation in much larger independent study sets, a validated salivary autoantibody assay could provide a non-subjective quantitative means of assessing concussive and subconcussive events.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T02:41:42Z","timestamp":1618540902000},"page":"2373-2383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Immunoglobulin A Autoreactivity toward Brain Enriched and Apoptosis-Regulating Proteins in Saliva of Athletes after Acute Concussion and Subconcussive Impacts"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Elisa","family":"Pin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":", III","given":"Emanuel F.","family":"Petricoin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA."},{"name":"Institute for BioHealth Innovation, and School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Cortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for BioHealth Innovation, and School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA."},{"name":"Sports Medicine Assessment Research and Testing Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas G.","family":"Bowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Athletic Training, University of Lynchburg, Lynchburg, Virginia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eni","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Uhl\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Systems Biology, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shane V.","family":"Caswell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for BioHealth Innovation, and School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA."},{"name":"Sports Medicine Assessment Research and Testing Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097699"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","first-page":"228","article-title":"The neurometabolic cascade of concussion","volume":"36","author":"Giza C.C.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Giza C.C., , and Hovda D. 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