{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T01:44:24Z","timestamp":1790214264858,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study is the first to examine cognitive outcomes after pediatric mild TBI using the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB), a computerized cognitive test battery. The NIHTB-CB includes two complex measures of attention and executive function that allow differentiation of accuracy and response speed. We compared performance on the NIHTB-CB among children 8\u201316 years of age with mild TBI (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009143) versus children with orthopedic injuries (OIs;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200974) recruited in emergency departments and followed for 6 months post-injury. Mixed-model analyses showed that the mild TBI group showed significantly lower Fluid Cognition composite scores than the OI group at 10 days (group intercept,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.018); the magnitude of group differences declined modestly over time (group\u2009\u00d7\u2009time interaction,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.055). Effect sizes were\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.34 at 10 days post-injury,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.27 at 3 months, and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.10 at 6 months. No significant effects of group or time were found for the Crystallized Cognition composite. Analyses of Fluid Cognition subtests indicated that children with mild TBI displayed deficits for as long as 3 months on measures of attention and executive function (e.g., cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control), but not on measures of explicit memory, working memory, or processing speed. The poorer performance of the mild TBI group on measures of attention and executive function was attributable largely to slowed reaction time, not decreased accuracy. The findings suggest that children with mild TBI demonstrate persistent deficits in fluid cognition that are most apparent on tasks that combine demands for both speed and executive function.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T04:38:40Z","timestamp":1619584720000},"page":"2590-2599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Cognitive Outcomes in Children with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: An Examination Using the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Leah","family":"Chadwick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nori M.","family":"Minich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. Gerry","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA."},{"name":"Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin D.","family":"Bigler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA."},{"name":"Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Bacevice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA."},{"name":"Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie K.","family":"Mihalov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA."},{"name":"Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Bangert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Radiology and Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Health System, Cleveland, Ohio, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas A.","family":"Zumberge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith Owen","family":"Yeates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada."},{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","first-page":"GA","article-title":"Surveillance report of traumatic brain injury-related emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths\u2014United States, 2014","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2019","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, , National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. 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