{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:56:58Z","timestamp":1788440218435,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645488000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Although improvements in acute care for traumatic brain injury (TBI) have increased the patient survival rate, many survivors often suffer from neuropsychiatric sequelae such as depression. This study investigated the influence of TBI on the risk of depression using South Korean nationwide data. Data were extracted from the National Health Insurance Service database for patients who experienced TBI from 2010 to 2017 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091,141,593) and for 1:1 matched controls without TBI (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091,141,593). Patients under 18 years old or with a history of depression were excluded. TBI was used as a time-varying exposure and a time-dependent Cox regression model was adopted. Age, sex, insurance premium and type, region of residence, past psychiatric diseases, and Charlson Comorbidity Index were adjusted. The incidence of depression in the patients with TBI and matched controls was 34.60 and 21.42 per 1000 person-years, respectively. The risk of depression was higher in the patients with TBI (hazard ratio [HR] 1.19, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u20091.18-1.20) than in the matched control group. After stratification by sex and age, the risk was higher in men and the younger age group. In subgroup analyses, patients with skull fracture showed the highest risk of depression. Notably, during the first year after TBI, the depression risk was almost 11 times higher than that in the matched control group (HR 11.71, 95% CI\u2009=\u200911.54-11.87). Our findings highlight a significant association of TBI with an increased risk of subsequent depression. Therefore, continuous awareness with regard to patients' mental health is needed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T05:15:09Z","timestamp":1640063709000},"page":"390-397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Incidence of Depression after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study of 2.2 Million Adults"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Yoonjeong","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea."},{"name":"National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Research Institute, National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, Yangpyeong, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Center, Seoul National University Health Care Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea."},{"name":"Department of Human Systems Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Collaborating Center, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han-Kyoul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea."},{"name":"National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Research Institute, National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, Yangpyeong, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye Seol","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea."},{"name":"National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Research Institute, National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, Yangpyeong, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byung-Mo","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea."},{"name":"National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Research Institute, National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, Yangpyeong, Republic of Korea."},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea."},{"name":"Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea."},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye Yoon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ja-Ho","family":"Leigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea."},{"name":"National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Research Institute, National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, Yangpyeong, Republic of Korea."},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, Yangpyeong, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X15666170613083606"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09050617"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5608"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4752546"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025220"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2009.01519.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2014.38.5.395"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","first-page":"799","article-title":"Data resource profile: the National Health Information Database of the National Health Insurance Service in South Korea","volume":"46","author":"Cheol Seong S.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheol Seong S., , Kim Y.Y., , Khang Y.H., , Heon Park J., , Kang H.J., , Lee H., , Do C.H., , Song J.S., , Hyon Bang J., , Ha S., , Lee E.J., , and Ae Shin S. (2017). Data resource profile: the National Health Information Database of the National Health Insurance Service in South Korea. Int. J. Epidemiol. 46, 799\u2013800.","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179973"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.10211"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13696998.2021.1918922"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000023308"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005030"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30421-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m853"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000182534.19832.83"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.20.1.145"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.1684"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2011.00702.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delmonico R.L. Theodore B.R. Sandel M.E. Armstrong M.A. and Camicia M. (2021). Prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders following mild traumatic brain injury. PMR.","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12657"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000603"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000311"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2524.2007.00747.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2016.40.1.79"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12513"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/neu.2021.0111","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2021.0111","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2021.0111","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:38:51Z","timestamp":1777675131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/neu.2021.0111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5-6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/neu.2021.0111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2021.0111","relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-7151","1557-9042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-7151","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]}}}