{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:40:24Z","timestamp":1792651224423,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11-12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Traumatic brain injury (TBI) impairs cerebrovascular autoregulation and reduces cerebral blood flow (CBF), leading to ischemic secondary injuries. We have shown that injured brains release brain-derived extracellular vesicles (BDEVs) into circulation, where they cause a systemic hypercoagulable state that rapidly turns into consumptive coagulopathy. The BDEVs induce endothelial injury and permeability, leading to the hypothesis that they contribute to TBI-induced cerebrovascular dysregulation. In a study designed to test this hypothesis, we detected circulating BDEVs in C57BL\/6J mice subjected to severe TBI, reaching peak levels of 3\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/\u03bcL at 3\u2009h post-injury (71.2\u2009\u00b1\u200921.5% of total annexin V-binding EVs). We further showed in an adaptive transfer model that 41.7\u2009\u00b1\u20095.8% of non-injured mice died within 6\u2009h after being infused with 3\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/\u03bcL of BDEVs. The BDEVs transmigrated through the vessel walls, induced rapid vasoconstriction by inducing calcium influx in vascular smooth muscle cells, and reduced CBF by 93.8\u2009\u00b1\u20095.6% within 30\u2009min after infusion. The CBF suppression was persistent in mice that eventually died, but it recovered quickly in surviving mice. It was prevented by the calcium channel blocker nimodipine. When being separated, neither protein nor phospholipid components from the lethal number of BDEVs induced vasoconstriction, reduced CBF, and caused death. These results demonstrate a novel vasoconstrictive activity of BDEVs that depends on the structure of BDEVs and contributes to TBI-induced disseminated cerebral ischemia and sudden death.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T13:05:07Z","timestamp":1647954307000},"page":"879-890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Brain-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Induce Vasoconstriction and Reduce Cerebral Blood Flow in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Jiwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Neurological Institute; Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China."},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin HuanHu Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutes of Pathology and Forensic Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, and the Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drug Development, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China."},{"name":"Medical college of Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Neurological Institute; Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qifeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Neurological Institute; Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Neurological Institute; Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Neurological Institute; Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutes of Pathology and Forensic Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, and the Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drug Development, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Murdiyarso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bloodworks Research institute, Seattle, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Houck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bloodworks Research institute, Seattle, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Hilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bloodworks Research institute, Seattle, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bloodworks Research institute, Seattle, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-fei","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bloodworks Research institute, Seattle, Washington, USA."},{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutes of Pathology and Forensic Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, and the Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drug Development, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianning","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Neurological Institute; Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heemskerk JW Vuist WM Feijge MA Reutelingsperger CP Lindhout T (1997). Collagen but not fibrinogen surfaces induce bleb formation exposure of phosphatidylserine and procoagulant activity of adherent platelets: evidence for regulation by protein tyrosine kinase-dependent Ca2+ responses. Blood 90(7) 2615\u20132625.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V90.7.2615"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fox JE Austin CD Reynolds CC Steffen PK (1991). Evidence that agonist-induced activation of calpain causes the shedding of procoagulant-containing microvesicles from the membrane of aggregating platelets. J Biol Chem 266(20) 13289\u201313295.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)98837-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owens AP 3rd Mackman N (2011). Microparticles in hemostasis and thrombosis. Circ Res 108(10) 1284\u20131297.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.233056"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willms E Johansson HJ M\u00e4ger I Lee Y Blomberg KE Sadik M Alaarg A Smith CI Lehti\u00f6 J El Andaloussi S Wood MJ Vader P (2016). Cells release subpopulations of exosomes with distinct molecular and biological properties. Sci Rep 6 22519.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22519"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desrochers LM Bordeleau F Reinhart-King CA Cerione RA Antonyak MA (2016). Microvesicles provide a mechanism for intercellular communication by embryonic stem cells during embryo implantation. Nat Commun 7 11958.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11958"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skog J Wurdinger T van Rijn S Meijer DH Gainche L Sena-Esteves M Curry WTJr Carter BS Krichevsky AM Breakefield XO (2008). Glioblastoma microvesicles transport RNA and proteins that promote tumour growth and provide diagnostic biomarkers. Nat Cell Biol 10(12) 1470-1476.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1800"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Regev-Rudzki N Wilson DW Carvalho TG Sisquella X Coleman BM Rug M Bursac D Angrisano F Gee M Hill AF Baum J Cowman AF (2013). Cell-cell communication between malaria-infected red blood cells via exosome-like vesicles. Cell 153(5) 1120-1133.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.04.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clancy JW Sedgwick A Rosse C Muralidharan-Chari V Raposo G Method M Chavrier P D'Souza-Schorey C (2015). Regulated delivery of molecular cargo to invasive tumour-derived microvesicles. Nat Commun 6 6919.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7919"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian Y Salsbery B Wang M Yuan H Yang J Zhao Z Wu X Zhang Y Konkle BA Thiagarajan P Li M Zhang J Dong JF (2015). Brain-derived microparticles induce systemic coagulation in a murine model of traumatic brain injury. Blood 125(13) 2151\u20132159.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-09-598805"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao Z Wang M Tian Y Hilton T Salsbery B Zhou EZ Wu X Thiagarajan P Boilard E Li M Zhang J Dong JF (2016). Cardiolipin-mediated procoagulant activity of mitochondria contributes to traumatic brain injury-associated coagulopathy in mice. Blood 127(22) 2763\u20132772.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-12-688838"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuthbert JP Harrison-Felix C Corrigan JD Kreider S Bell JM Coronado VG Whiteneck GG (2015). Epidemiology of adults receiving acute inpatient rehabilitation for a primary diagnosis of traumatic brain injury in the United States. J Head Trauma Rehabil 30(2) 122\u2013135.","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000012"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wafaisade A Lefering R Tjardes T Wutzler S Simanski C Paffrath T Fischer P Bouillon B Maegele M; Trauma Registry of DGU (2010). Acute coagulopathy in isolated blunt traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care 12(2) 211\u2013219.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-009-9281-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitra B Cameron PA Mori A Fitzgerald M (2012). Acute coagulopathy and early deaths post major trauma. Injury 43(1) 22\u201325.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2010.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang R Cardenas JC Wade CE Holcomb JB (2016). Advances in the understanding of trauma-induced coagulopathy. Blood 128(8) 1043\u20131049.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-01-636423"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou Y Cai W Zhao Z Hilton T Wang M Yeon J Liu W Zhang F Shi FD Wu X Thiagarajan P Li M Zhang J Dong JF (2018). Lactadherin promotes microvesicle clearance to prevent coagulopathy and improves survival of severe TBI mice. Blood 131(5) 563\u2013572.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-08-801738"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Depreitere B Citerio G Smith M Adelson PD Aries MJ Bleck TP Bouzat P Chesnut R De Sloovere V Diringer M Dureanteau J Ercole A Hawryluk G Hawthorne C Helbok R Klein SP Neumann JO Robba C Steiner L Stocchetti N Taccone FS Valadka A Wolf S Zeiler FA Meyfroidt G (2021). Cerebrovascular autoregulation monitoring in the management of adult severe traumatic brain injury: a Delphi consensus of clinicians. Neurocrit Care 34(3) 731\u2013738.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-020-01185-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engel DC Mies G Terpolilli NA Trabold R Loch A De Zeeuw CI Weber JT Maas AI Plesnila N (2008). Changes of cerebral blood flow during the secondary expansion of a cortical contusion assessed by 14C-iodoantipyrine autoradiography in mice using a non-invasive protocol. J Neurotrauma 25(7) 739\u2013753.","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2007.0480"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bullock R Maxwell WL Graham DI Teasdale GM Adams JH (1991). Glial swelling following human cerebral contusion: an ultrastructural study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 54(5) 427\u2013434.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.54.5.427"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dietrich WD Alonso O Halley M (1994). Early microvascular and neuronal consequences of traumatic brain injury: a light and electron microscopic study in rats. J Neurotrauma 11(3) 289\u2013301.","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1994.11.289"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stein SC Graham DI Chen XH Smith DH (2004). Association between intravascular microthrombosis and cerebral ischemia in traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgery 54(3) 687\u2013691.","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000108641.98845.88"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plesnila N Friedrich D Eriskat J Baethmann A Stoffel M (2003). Relative cerebral blood flow during the secondary expansion of a cortical lesion in rats. Neurosci Lett 345(2) 85\u201388.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(03)00396-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryan RM Jr Cherian L Robertson C (1995). Regional cerebral blood flow after controlled cortical impact injury in rats. Anesth Analg 80(4) 687\u2013695.","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199504000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kochanek PM Marion DW Zhang W Schiding JK White M Palmer AM Clark RS O'Malley ME Styren SD Ho C et al (1995). Severe controlled cortical impact in rats: assessment of cerebral edema blood flow and contusion volume. J Neurotrauma 12(6) 1015\u20131025.","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1995.12.1015"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edlow JA Caplan LR (2000). Avoiding pitfalls in the diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 342(1) 29\u201336.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200001063420106"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisenberg HM Gary HEJr Aldrich EF Saydjari C Turner B Foulkes MA Jane JA Marmarou A Marshall LF Young HF (1990). Initial CT findings in 753 patients with severe head injury. A report from the NIH Traumatic Coma Data Bank. J Neurosurg 73(5) 688\u2013698.","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1990.73.5.0688"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Servadei F Murray GD Teasdale GM Dearden M Iannotti F Lapierre F Maas AJ Karimi A Ohman J Persson L Stocchetti N Trojanowski T Unterberg A (2002). Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: demographic and clinical study of 750 patients from the European brain injury consortium survey of head injuries. Neurosurgery 50(2) 261\u2013267.","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-200202000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macdonald RL Weir BK (1991). A review of hemoglobin and the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm. Stroke 22(8) 971\u2013982.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.22.8.971"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poisson J Tanguy M Davy H Camara F El Mdawar MB Kheloufi M Dagher T Devue C Lasselin J Plessier A Merchant S Blanc-Brude O Souyri M Mougenot N Dingli F Loew D Hatem SN James C Villeval JL Boulanger CM Rautou PE (2020). Erythrocyte-derived microvesicles induce arterial spasms in JAK2V617F myeloproliferative neoplasm. J Clin Invest 130(5) 2630\u20132643.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI124566"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han C Wang C Chen Y Wang J Xu X Hilton T Cai W Zhao Z Wu Y Li K Houck K Liu L Sood AK Wu X Xue F Li M Dong JF Zhang J (2020). Placenta-derived extracellular vesicles induce preeclampsia in mouse models. Haematologica 105(6) 1686\u20131694.","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2019.226209"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu X Wang C Wu Y Houck K Hilton T Zhou A Wu X Han C Yang M Yang W Shi FD Stolla M Cruz MA Li M Zhang J Dong JF (2021). Conformation-dependent blockage of activated VWF improves outcomes of traumatic brain injury in mice. Blood 137(4) 544\u2013555.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020007364"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao W Li F Zhou Z Xu X Wu Y Zhou S Yin D Sun D Xiong J Jiang R Zhang J (2017). IL-2\/Anti-IL-2 complex attenuates inflammation and BBB disruption in mice subjected to traumatic brain injury. Front Neurol 8 281.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00281"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu Y Liu W Zhou Y Hilton T Zhao Z Liu W Wang M Yeon J Houck K Thiagarajan P Zhang F Shi FD Wu X Li M Dong JF Zhang J (2018). von Willebrand factor enhances microvesicle-induced vascular leakage and coagulopathy in mice with traumatic brain injury. Blood 132(10) 1075\u20131084.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-03-841932"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen GS Ahn HS Preziosi TJ Battye R Boone SC Boone SC Chou SN Kelly DL Weir BK Crabbe RA Lavik PJ Rosenbloom SB Dorsey FC Ingram CR Mellits DE Bertsch LA Boisvert DP Hundley MB Johnson RK Strom JA Transou CR (1983). Cerebral arterial spasm\u2014a controlled trial of nimodipine in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 308(11) 619\u2013624.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198303173081103"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harders A Kakarieka A Braakman R (1996). Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage and its treatment with nimodipine. German tSAH Study Group. J Neurosurg 85(1) 82\u201389.","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1996.85.1.0082"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novak P Li C Shevchuk AI Stepanyan R Caldwell M Hughes S Smart TG Gorelik J Ostanin VP Lab MJ Moss GW Frolenkov GI Klenerman D Korchev YE (2009). Nanoscale live-cell imaging using hopping probe ion conductance microscopy. Nat Methods 6(4) 279\u2013281.","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1306"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Y Liu X Liu L Zaske AM Zhou Z Fu Y Yang X Conyers JL Li M Dong JF Zhang J (2013). Contact- and agonist-regulated microvesiculation of human platelets. Thromb Haemost 110(2) 331\u2013339.","DOI":"10.1160\/TH12-11-0853"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong X Liu W Shen Y Houck KL Yang M Zhou Y Zhao Z Wu X Blevins T Koehne AL Wun TC Fu X Li M Zhang J Dong JF (2021). Anticoagulation targeting membrane-bound anionic phospholipids improved outcomes of traumatic brain injury in mice. Blood 138(25) 2714\u20132726.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021011310"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanayama R Tanaka M Miyasaka K Aozasa K Koike M Uchiyama Y Nagata S (2004). Autoimmune disease and impaired uptake of apoptotic cells in MFG-E8-deficient mice. Science 304(5674) 1147\u20131150.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094359"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stein GH (1979). T98G: an anchorage-independent human tumor cell line that exhibits stationary phase G1 arrest in vitro. J Cell Physiol 99(1) 43\u201354.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1040990107"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouma GJ Muizelaar JP Choi SC Newlon PG Young HF (1991). Cerebral circulation and metabolism after severe traumatic brain injury: the elusive role of ischemia. J Neurosurg 75(5) 685\u2013693.","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1991.75.5.0685"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schroder ML Muizelaar JP Bullock MR Salvant JB Povlishock JT (1995). Focal ischemia due to traumatic contusions documented by stable xenon-CT and ultrastructural studies. J Neurosurg 82(6) 966\u2013971.","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1995.82.6.0966"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freeman AD Fitzgerald CA Baxter KJ Neff LP McCracken CE Bryan LN Morsberger JL Zahid AM Santore MT (2020). Does hypertension at initial presentation adversely affect outcomes in pediatric traumatic brain injury? J Pediatr Surg 55(4) 702\u2013706.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2019.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butcher I Maas AI Lu J Marmarou A Murray GD Mushkudiani NA McHugh GS Steyerberg EW (2007). Prognostic value of admission blood pressure in traumatic brain injury: results from the IMPACT study. J Neurotrauma 24(2) 294\u2013302.","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.0032"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuller G Hasler RM Mealing N Lawrence T Woodford M Juni P Lecky F (2014). The association between admission systolic blood pressure and mortality in significant traumatic brain injury: a multi-centre cohort study. Injury 45(3) 612\u2013617.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2013.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barmparas G Liou DZ Lamb AW Gangi A Chin M Ley EJ Salim A Bukur M (2014). Prehospital hypertension is predictive of traumatic brain injury and is associated with higher mortality. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 77(4) 592\u2013598.","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000382"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petkus V Preiksaitis A Chaleckas E Chomskis R Zubaviciute E Vosylius S Rocka S Rastenyte D Aries MJ Ragauskas A Neumann JO (2020). Optimal cerebral perfusion pressure: targeted treatment for severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 37(2) 389\u2013396.","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6551"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kramer AH Couillard PL Zygun DA Aries MJ Gallagher CN (2019). Continuous assessment of \u201coptimal\u201d cerebral perfusion pressure in traumatic brain injury: a cohort study of feasibility reliability and relation to outcome. Neurocrit Care 30(1) 51\u201361.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-018-0570-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim H Lee HJ Kim YT Son Y Smielewski P Czosnyka M Kim DJ (2018). Novel index for predicting mortality during the first 24 hours after traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 131(6) 1887\u20131895.","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.7.JNS18995"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kai Y Hirano K Maeda Y Nishimura J Sasaki T Kanaide H (2007). Prevention of the hypercontractile response to thrombin by proteinase-activated receptor-1 antagonist in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 38(12) 3259\u20133265.","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.487769"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugawara T Jadhav V Ayer R Chen W Suzuki H Zhang JH (2009). Thrombin inhibition by argatroban ameliorates early brain injury and improves neurological outcomes after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Stroke 40(4) 1530\u20131532.","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.531699"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsurutani H Ohkuma H Suzuki S (2003). Effects of thrombin inhibitor on thrombin-related signal transduction and cerebral vasospasm in the rabbit subarachnoid hemorrhage model. Stroke 34(6) 1497\u20131500.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000070424.38138.30"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/neu.2021.0274","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2021.0274","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2021.0274","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:39:20Z","timestamp":1777675160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/neu.2021.0274"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11-12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/neu.2021.0274"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2021.0274","relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-7151","1557-9042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-7151","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}}}