{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:05:32Z","timestamp":1793117132838,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The objective was to clarify occurrence, phenomenology, and risk factors for novel psychiatric disorder (NPD) in the first 3 months after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and orthopedic injury (OI). Children aged 8-15 years with mTBI (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009220) and with OI but no TBI (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009110) from consecutive admissions to an emergency department were followed prospectively at baseline and 3 months post-injury with semi-structured psychiatric interviews to document the number of NPDs that developed in each participant. Pre-injury child variables (adaptive, cognitive, and academic function, and psychiatric disorder), pre-injury family variables (socioeconomic status, family psychiatric history, and family function), and injury severity were assessed and analyzed as potential confounders and predictors of NPD. NPD occurred at a significantly higher frequency in children with mTBI versus OI in analyses unadjusted (mean ratio [MR] 3.647, 95% confidence interval [CI\n                    <jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub>\n                    ] (1.264, 15.405),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.014) and adjusted (MR\u2009=\u20093.724, CI\n                    <jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub>\n                    (1.264, 15.945),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.015) for potential confounders. In multi-predictor analyses, the factors besides mTBI that were significantly associated with higher NPD frequency after adjustment for each other were pre-injury lifetime psychiatric disorder [MR\u2009=\u20092.284, CI\n                    <jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub>\n                    (1.026, 5.305),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.043]; high versus low family psychiatric history [MR\u2009=\u20092.748, CI\n                    <jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub>\n                    (1.201, 6.839),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.016], and worse socio-economic status [MR\u2009=\u20090.618 per additional unit, CI\n                    <jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub>\n                    (0.383, 0.973),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.037]. These findings demonstrate that mild injury to the brain compared with an OI had a significantly greater deleterious effect on psychiatric outcome in the first 3 months post-injury. This effect was present even after accounting for specific child and family variables, which were themselves independently related to the adverse psychiatric outcome.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T10:32:52Z","timestamp":1635503572000},"page":"3341-3351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Three-Month Psychiatric Outcome of Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Controlled Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey E.","family":"Max","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA."},{"name":"Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Judd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin D.","family":"Bigler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Provo, Utah, USA."},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Provo, Utah, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth A.","family":"Wilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Provo, Utah, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo Ellen","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marital and Family Therapy Program, University of San Diego, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd M.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marital and Family Therapy Program, University of San Diego, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainara","family":"Calahorra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca G.","family":"De La Garza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florin","family":"Vaida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200609000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199709000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"63","article-title":"A prospective study of children with head injuries: III","volume":"11","author":"Brown G.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Brown G., , Chadwick O., , Shaffer D., , Rutter M., , and Traub M. 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