{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T17:47:12Z","timestamp":1781718432443,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11-12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Clinical decisions related to sports-related concussion (SRC) are challenging, because of the heterogenous nature of SRC symptoms coupled with the current reliance on subjective self-reported symptom measures. Sensitive and objective methods that can diagnose SRC and determine recovery would aid clinical management, and there is evidence that SRC induces changes in circulating protein biomarkers, indicative of neuroaxonal injury. However, potential blood biomarkers related to other pathobiological responses linked to SRC are still poorly understood. Therefore, here we analyzed blood samples from concussed (male\u2009=\u200930; female\u2009=\u20099) and non-concussed (male\u2009=\u200974; female\u2009=\u200927) amateur Australian rules football players collected during the pre-season (i.e., baseline), and at 2, 6, and 13 days post-SRC to determine time-dependent changes in serum levels of biomarkers related to glial (i.e., brain lipid-binding protein [BLBP]; phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes 15) and cerebrovascular injury (i.e., von Willebrand factor, claudin-5), inflammation (i.e., fibrinogen, high mobility group box protein 1), and oxidative stress (i.e., 4-hydroxynoneal). In females, BLBP levels were significantly decreased at 2 days post-SRC compared with their pre-season baseline; however, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) analysis found that BLBP was unable to distinguish between SRC and controls. In males, AUROC analysis revealed a statistically significant change at 2 days post-SRC in the serum levels of 4-hydroxynoneal, however the associated AUROC value (0.6373) indicated little clinical utility for this biomarker in distinguishing SRC from controls. There were no other statistically significant findings. These results indicate that the serum biomarkers tested in this study hold little clinical value in the management of SRC at 2, 6, and 13 days post-injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T02:28:36Z","timestamp":1645151316000},"page":"800-808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Serum Protein Biomarkers of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Cerebrovascular and Glial Injury in Concussed Australian Football Players"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Mujun","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia F.","family":"Symons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William T.","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Mccullough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxanne","family":"Aniceto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I-Hsuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Eklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhys D.","family":"Brady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Costello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhibin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terence J.","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia."},{"name":"Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart J.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denes V.","family":"Agoston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandy R.","family":"Shultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia."},{"name":"Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094978"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0854-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6884"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","author":"Pattinson C.L.","unstructured":"Pattinson C.L., , Meier T.B., , Guedes V.A., , Lai C., , Devoto C., , Haight T., , Broglio S.P., , McAllister T., , Giza C., , Huber D., , Harezlak J., , Cameron K., , McGinty G., , Jackson J., , Guskiewicz K., , Mihalik J., , Brooks A., , Duma S., , Rowson S., , Nelson L.D., , Pasquina P., , McCrea M., , Gill J.M., and CARE Consortium Investigators (2020). Plasma biomarker concentrations associated with return to sport following sport-related concussion in collegiate athletes\u2014A Concussion Assessment, Research, and Education (CARE) Consortium Study. JAMA Netw. Open 3, e2013191.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-020-00256-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","first-page":"5338","article-title":"White and gray matter abnormalities in Australian footballers with a history of sports-related concussion: an MRI study","volume":"5331","author":"Major B.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Major B., , Symons G.F., , Sinclair B., , O'Brien W.T., , Costello D., , Wright D.K., , Clough M., , Mutimer S., , Sun M., , Yamakawa G.R., , Brady R.D., , O'Sullivan M.J., , Mychasiuk R., , McDonald S.J., , O'Brien T.J., , Law M., , Kolbe S., , and Shultz S.R. (2021). White and gray matter abnormalities in Australian footballers with a history of sports-related concussion: an MRI study. Cereb. 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(2021). Targeting the cerebrovascular system: next-generation biomarkers and treatment for mild traumatic brain injury. Neuroscientist, online ahead of. print.","journal-title":"Neuroscientist, online ahead of"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7479"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01778-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","first-page":"624","article-title":"Serum protein biomarker findings reflective of oxidative stress and vascular abnormalities in male, but not female, collision sport athletes","volume":"549","author":"Major B.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Major B., , McDonald S.J., , O'Brien W.T., , Symons G.F., , Costello D., , Sun M., , Brady R.D., , Mccullough J., , Aniceto R., , Lin I., , Law M., , Mychasiuk R., , O'Brien T.J., , Agoston D.V., , and Shultz S.R. (2020). 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