{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:23:19Z","timestamp":1792513399907,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one the major causes of death and morbidity in developing countries, where depression is a common psychiatric condition among individuals with TBI. The objectives were to investigate the occurrence and severity of depression one-year post-TBI; the association between radiological findings and depression; and the risk factors. We report a cross-sectional study among adult patients who were hospitalized because of TBI in the past one year. A structured data collection form was used to collect patients' demographic data during TBI, while the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 questionnaire was administered to assess the level of depression at one-year post-TBI. Of the 309 patients in this study; 46.6%, 26.2%, and 27.2% had mild, moderate, and severe TBI, respectively. The overall rate of depression was 33.7%, where 22.3%, 8.7%, and 2.6% had mild, moderate, and moderately severe depression, respectively. There was a significant, positive correlation between severity of TBI and level of depression; r\n                    <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    (0.427),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001. The risk factors for depression at one-year post-TBI are moderate-severe TBI (odds ratio [OR]: 3.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.03\u20136.90,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.00), being unmarried (OR: 2.67, 95% CI 1.51\u20134.72,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001), female gender (OR: 2.62, 95% CI 1.25\u20135.46,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.011), alcohol consumption (OR: 2.38, 95% CI 1.12\u20135.06,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.024) and frontal lobe injury (OR: 1.96, 95% CI 1.05\u20133.68,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.035). Increasing severity of TBI is associated with worsening levels of depression. Patients with frontal lobe injury have the highest risk of depression, while diffuse injury is associated with occurrence of moderate and moderately severe depression.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T03:35:00Z","timestamp":1661484900000},"page":"94-101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Study of 309 Patients and at One Year Follow-Up for Depression after Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Mun Choon","family":"Looi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia."},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zamzuri","family":"Idris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thinesh","family":"Kumaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dandaithapani","family":"Thyagarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jafri Malin","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Rahman Izaini","family":"Ghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Ihfaz","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","first-page":"280","article-title":"Severe traumatic brain injury: outcome in patients with diffuse axonal injury managed conservatively in Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru\u2014an observational study","volume":"64","author":"Liew B","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liew B, , Johari S, , Nasser A, et al. Severe traumatic brain injury: outcome in patients with diffuse axonal injury managed conservatively in Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru\u2014an observational study. Med J Malaysia, 2009; 64(4):280\u2013288.","journal-title":"Med J Malaysia"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"Early management of head injury in adults in primary care","volume":"12","author":"Liew BS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liew BS, , Zainab K, , Cecilia A, et al. Early management of head injury in adults in primary care. Malaysian Fam Physician, 2017; 12(1):22\u201325.","journal-title":"Malaysian Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.599"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.44.1.31"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0269905001209161"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.1091"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.42.1.48"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2005.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","first-page":"309","article-title":"Criterion validity of the PHQ-9 (Malay Version) in a primary care clinic in Malaysia","volume":"67","author":"Sherina MS","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sherina MS, , Arroll B, , Goodyear-Smith F. Criterion validity of the PHQ-9 (Malay Version) in a primary care clinic in Malaysia. Med J Malaysia, 2012; 67(3):309\u2013315","journal-title":"Med J Malaysia"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000748"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000177"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200511000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1476"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S13017-015-0017-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.5982"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1528"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/atr.17629"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.1.42"},{"issue":"25","key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury and depression","volume":"25","author":"Guillamondegui O","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guillamondegui O, , Montgomery S, , Phibbs F, et al. 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