{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T13:42:34Z","timestamp":1782481354920,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"19-20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This prospective cohort study examined the relationship between a panel of four serum proteomic biomarkers (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP], ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 [UCH-L1], total Tau, and neurofilament light chain polypeptide [NF-L]) in 52 players from two different cohorts of male collegiate student football athletes from two different competitive seasons of Division I National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Bowl Subdivision. This study evaluated changes in biomarker concentrations (as indicators of brain injury) over the course of the playing season (pre- and post-season) and also assessed biomarker concentrations by player position using two different published classification systems. Player positions were divided into: 1) speed (quarterbacks, running backs, halfbacks, fullbacks, wide receivers, tight ends, defensive backs, safety, and linebackers) versus non-speed (offensive and defensive linemen), and 2) \u201cProfile 1\u201d (low frequency\/high strain magnitudes positions including quarterbacks, wide receivers, and defensive backs), \u201cProfile 2\u201d (mid-range impact frequency and strain positions including linebackers, running backs, and tight ends), and \u201cProfile 3\u201d (high frequency\/low strains positions including defensive and offensive linemen). There were significant increases in GFAP 39.3 to 45.6\u2009pg\/mL and NF-L 3.5 to 5.4\u2009pg\/mL over the course of the season (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) despite only five players being diagnosed with concussion. UCH-L1 decreased significantly, and Tau was not significantly different. In both the pre- and post-season blood samples Tau and NF-L concentrations were significantly higher in speed versus non-speed positions. Concentrations of GFAP, Tau, and NF-L increased incrementally from \u201cProfile 3,\u201d to \u201cProfile 2\u201d to \u201cProfile 1\u201d in the post-season. UCH-L1 did not. GFAP increased (by Profiles 3, 2, 1) from 42.4 to 49.6 to 78.2, respectively (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.051). Tau increased from 0.37 to 0.61 to 0.67, respectively (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.024). NF-L increased from 3.5 to 4.9 to 8.2, respectively (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Although GFAP and Tau showed similar patterns of elevations by profile in the pre-season samples they were not statistically significant. Only NF-L showed significant differences between profiles 2.7 to 3.1 to 4.2 in the pre-season (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.042). GFAP, Tau, and NF-L concentrations were significantly associated with different playing positions with the highest concentrations in speed and \u201cProfile 1\u201d positions and the lowest concentrations were in non-speed and \u201cProfile 3\u201d positions. Blood-based biomarkers (GFAP, Tau, NF-L) provide an additional layer of injury quantification that could contribute to a better understanding of the risks of playing different positions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T03:25:37Z","timestamp":1653535537000},"page":"1339-1348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effect of Player Position on Serum Biomarkers during Participation in a Season of Collegiate Football"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Linda","family":"Papa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Orlando Regional Medical Center, Orlando, Florida, USA."},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexa E.","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Wilkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hunter S.","family":"Clonts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Orlando Regional Medical Center, Orlando, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Semyon M.","family":"Slobounov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","volume-title":"NCAA Research","author":"NCAA","year":"2018","unstructured":"NCAA (2018). 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