{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T12:29:19Z","timestamp":1793190559259,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708992000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Sub-concussive injuries have emerged as an important factor in the long-term brain health of athletes and military personnel. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between service member and veterans (SMVs) lifetime blast exposure and recovery from a traumatic brain injury (TBI). A total of 558 SMVs with a history of TBI were examined. Lifetime blast exposure (LBE) was based on self-report (M\u2009=\u200979.4, standard deviation\u2009=\u2009392.6; range\u2009=\u20090-7500) categorized into three groups: Blast Naive (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009121), Low LBE (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009223; LBE range 1-9), and High LBE (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009214; LBE &gt;10). Dependent variables were the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian (PCL-C) and the Traumatic Brain Injury Quality of Life (TBI-QOL). Analyses controlled for demographic factors (age, gender, and race) as well as TBI factors (months since index TBI, index TBI severity, and total number lifetime TBIs). The Blast Naive group had significantly lower NSI and PCL-C scores compared with the Low LBE group and High LBE group, with small to medium effect sizes. On the TBI-QOL, the Blast Na\u00efve group had better quality life on 10 of the 14 scales examined. The Low LBE did not differ from the High LBE group on the PCL-C, NSI, or TBI-QOL. Blast exposure over an SMV's career was associated with increased neurobehavioral and post-traumatic stress symptoms following a TBI. The influence of psychological trauma associated with blasts may be an important factor influencing symptoms as well as the accuracy of self-reported estimates of LBE.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T07:41:16Z","timestamp":1694072476000},"page":"604-612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Cumulative Blast Exposure During a Military Career Negatively Impacts Recovery from Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Jason M.","family":"Bailie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"Naval Hospital Camp Pendleton, Camp Pendleton, California, USA."},{"name":"General Dynamics Information Technology, Fairfax, Virginia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara.M.","family":"Lippa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Hungerford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"General Dynamics Information Technology, Fairfax, Virginia, USA."},{"name":"Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis M.","family":"French","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracey A.","family":"Brickell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"General Dynamics Information Technology, Fairfax, Virginia, USA."},{"name":"National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada."},{"name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rael T.","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"General Dynamics Information Technology, Fairfax, Virginia, USA."},{"name":"National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence. 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