{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:12:48Z","timestamp":1792512768115,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7-8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Longitudinal neuroimaging studies aid our understanding of recovery mechanisms in moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, there is a dearth of longitudinal functional connectivity research. Our aim was to characterize longitudinal functional connectivity patterns in two clinically important brain networks, the frontoparietal network (FPN) and the default mode network (DMN), in moderate-to-severe TBI. This inception cohort study of prospectively collected longitudinal data used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to characterize functional connectivity patterns in the FPN and DMN. Forty adults with moderate-to-severe TBI (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard deviation [SD]; age\u2009=\u200939.53\u2009\u00b1\u200916.49 years, education\u2009=\u200913.92\u2009\u00b1\u20093.20 years, lowest Glasgow Coma Scale score\u2009=\u20096.63\u2009\u00b1\u20093.24, sex\u2009=\u200970% male) were scanned at approximately 0.5, 1\u20131.5, and 3+ years post-injury. Seventeen healthy, uninjured participants (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD; age\u2009=\u200938.91\u2009\u00b1\u200915.57 years, education\u2009=\u200915.11\u2009\u00b1\u20092.71 years, sex\u2009=\u200929% male) were scanned at baseline and approximately 11 months afterwards. Group independent component analyses and linear mixed-effects modeling with linear splines that contained a knot at 1.5 years post-injury were employed to investigate longitudinal network changes, and associations with covariates, including age, sex, and injury severity. In patients with TBI, functional connectivity in the right FPN increased from approximately 0.5 to 1.5 years post-injury (unstandardized estimate\u2009=\u20090.19, standard error [SE]\u2009=\u20090.07,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20090.009), contained a slope change in the opposite direction, from positive to negative at 1.5 years post-injury (estimate\u2009=\u2009\u22120.21, SE\u2009=\u20090.11,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20090.009), and marginally declined afterwards (estimate\u2009=\u2009\u22120.10, SE\u2009=\u20090.06,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20090.079). Functional connectivity in the DMN increased from approximately 0.5 to 1.5 years (estimate\u2009=\u20090.15, SE\u2009=\u20090.05,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20090.006), contained a slope change in the opposite direction, from positive to negative at 1.5 years post-injury (estimate\u2009=\u2009\u22120.19, SE\u2009=\u20090.08,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20090.021), and was estimated to decline from 1.5 to 3+ years (estimate\u2009=\u2009\u22120.04, SE\u2009=\u20090.04,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20090.303). Similarly, the left FPN increased in functional connectivity from approximately 0.5 to 1.5 years post-injury (estimate\u2009=\u20090.15, SE\u2009=\u20090.05,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20090.002), contained a slope change in the opposite direction, from positive to negative at 1.5 years post-injury (estimate\u2009=\u2009\u22120.18, SE\u2009=\u20090.07,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20090.008), and was estimated to decline thereafter (estimate\u2009=\u2009\u22120.04, SE\u2009=\u20090.03,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20090.254).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>At approximately 0.5 years post-injury, patients showed hypoconnectivity compared with healthy, uninjured participants at baseline. Covariates were not significantly associated in any of the models. Findings of early improvement but a tapering and possible decline in connectivity thereafter suggest that compensatory effects are time-limited. These later reductions in connectivity mirror growing evidence of behavioral and structural decline in chronic moderate-to-severe TBI. Targeting such declines represents a novel avenue of research and offers potential for improving clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T06:00:33Z","timestamp":1668146433000},"page":"665-682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Longitudinal Patterns of Functional Connectivity in Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Isis","family":"So","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"KITE Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liesel-Ann C.","family":"Meusel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhanu","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges A.","family":"Monette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Colella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne L.","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Rabin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Medicine (Neurology), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Mikulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto Western Hospital-University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin E.A.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"KITE Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mckee AC Daneshvar DH. 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