{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T22:32:07Z","timestamp":1791844327491,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"15-16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Traumatic axonal injury (TAI), thought to be caused by rotational acceleration of the head, is a prevalent neuropathology in traumatic brain injury (TBI). TAI in the optic nerve is a common finding in multiple blunt-force TBI models and hence a great model to study mechanisms and treatments for TAI, especially in view of the compartmentalized anatomy of the visual system. We have previously shown that the somata and the proximal, but not distal, axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) respond to DLK\/LZK blockade after impact acceleration of the head (IA-TBI). Here, we explored the role of the sterile alpha and TIR-motif containing 1 (SARM1), the key driver of Wallerian degeneration (WD), in the progressive breakdown of distal and proximal segments of the optic nerve following IA-TBI with high-resolution morphological and classical neuropathological approaches. Wild type and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Sarm1<\/jats:italic>\n                    knockout (KO) mice received IA-TBI or sham injury and were allowed to survive for 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. Ultrastructural and microscopic analyses revealed that TAI in the optic nerve is characterized by variable involvement of individual axons, ranging from apparent early disconnection of a subpopulation of axons to a range of ongoing axonal and myelin perturbations. Traumatic axonal injury resulted in the degeneration of a population of axons distal and proximal to the injury, along with retrograde death of a subpopulation of RGCs. Quantitative analyses on proximal and distal axons and RGC somata revealed that different neuronal domains exhibit differential vulnerability, with distal axon segments showing more severe degeneration compared with proximal segments and RGC somata. Importantly, we found that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Sarm1<\/jats:italic>\n                    KO had a profound effect in the distal optic nerve by suppressing axonal degeneration by up to 50% in the first 2 weeks after IA-TBI, with a continued but lower effect at 3 weeks, while also suppressing microglial activation.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Sarm1<\/jats:italic>\n                    KO had no evident effect on the initial traumatic disconnection and did not ameliorate the proximal optic axonopathy or the subsequent attrition of RGCs, indicating that the fate of different axonal segments in the course of TAI may depend on distinct molecular programs within axons.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,21]],"date-time":"2023-01-21T11:47:47Z","timestamp":1674301667000},"page":"1743-1761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Traumatic Axonal Injury in the Optic Nerve: The Selective Role of SARM1 in the Evolution of Distal Axonopathy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Athanasios S.","family":"Alexandris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngrim","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Lehar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"McKenney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianela","family":"Perdomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiwon","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Welsbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald J.","family":"Zack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vassilis E.","family":"Koliatsos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypsc.2021.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)91620-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.52.7.838"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91712-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3182189f06"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","first-page":"1583","article-title":"Prevalence of MR evidence of diffuse axonal injury in patients with mild head injury and normal head CT findings","volume":"15","author":"Mittl RL","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mittl RL, , Grossman RI, , Hiehle JF, et al. Prevalence of MR evidence of diffuse axonal injury in patients with mild head injury and normal head CT findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 1994; 15(8):1583\u20131589.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.19.3.163"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams JH Murray MF. Atlas of post-mortem techniques in neuropathology. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge U.K.; 1982.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511735479"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1995.12.555"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","first-page":"S189","article-title":"Axonal response to traumatic brain injury: reactive axonal change, deafferentation, and neuroplasticity","volume":"9","author":"Povlishock JT","year":"1992","unstructured":"Povlishock JT, , Erb DE, , Astruc J. Axonal response to traumatic brain injury: reactive axonal change, deafferentation, and neuroplasticity. J Neurotrauma, 1992; 9 (Suppl. 1):S189\u2013S200.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199704000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2343-17.2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0819-18.2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0000000000000165"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00719"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.1756"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3886"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197346"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/nen.0000000000000059"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-019-0345-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-0269-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1806933115"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.104678"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105808"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113842"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.113040"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00836-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.03.062"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20181040"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137391"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4281"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107710"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_38_2","first-page":"1387","article-title":"Evaluation of the percentage of ganglion cells in the ganglion cell layer of the rodent retina","volume":"19","author":"Schlamp CL","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schlamp CL, , Montgomery AD, , Mac Nair CE, et al. Evaluation of the percentage of ganglion cells in the ganglion cell layer of the rodent retina. Mol Vis, 2013; 19:1387\u20131396.","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.45542"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19960815)34:6<522::AID-JEMT4>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181da84db"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.02.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1258366"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113207"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziogas N Xu L Kim BJ et al. Molecular mechanisms of traumatic axonaopathy in the visual system: the role of mixed lineage kinases and SARM1. The 3rd Joint Symposium of the International and National Neurotrauma Societies and AANS\/CNS Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care August 11-16 2018 Toronto Canada. 2018.","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.29013.abstracts"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-021-01193-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.14-07-04368.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.25.14833"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-174"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00198"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210888"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-142844"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2005.22.1081"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1998.15.955"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1997.14.603"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01186989"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1994.11.507"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2633105520946090"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.5119-05.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00429"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909794107"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1229"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.21-06-01923.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2022.114252"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3369"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilbao JM Schmidt RE. Biopsy diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy. Springer: Berlin\/Heidelberg Germany; 2014.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07311-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(74)90746-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0001-37652001000200008"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094354"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108588"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000763"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.01.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00235"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480240103"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108588"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223899"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06426.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108588"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031606"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201912047"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1211284110"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.0203-12.2012"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/neu.2022.0416","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2022.0416","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2022.0416","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:41:57Z","timestamp":1777675317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/neu.2022.0416"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15-16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/neu.2022.0416"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2022.0416","relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-7151","1557-9042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-7151","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}}}