{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:15:02Z","timestamp":1787962502344,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703808000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Higher psychological resilience is correlated with less severe post-concussion symptoms (PCS) after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in children, but the directional nature of this relationship remains uncertain. Although traditionally regarded as a stable, trait-like construct, resilience may be malleable and potentially influenced by mTBI and post-concussive symptoms. The current study sought to examine the stability of resilience, elucidate the dynamic nature of the resilience-PCS relation, and determine whether resilience-symptom associations are specific to mTBI or applicable to traumatic injury in general. Participants were children aged 8\u201316.99 years with either mTBI (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009633) or orthopedic injury (OI;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009334) recruited to participate in a prospective cohort study after presenting acutely to five Canadian pediatric emergency departments (EDs). Symptoms and psychological resilience were assessed at 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months post-injury. Group differences in resilience over time were examined using a mixed linear model, and associations between resilience and symptoms over time were examined using random intercepts cross-lagged panel modeling (RI-CLPM). The mTBI group reported significantly lower resilience than the OI group, but the difference was significantly larger 1 week post-injury (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.50) than at 3 months (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.08) and 6 months (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.10). Cross-lagged panel models indicated that resilience had both stable and dynamic aspects, and both affected and was affected by PCS, although their association varied by time post-injury, symptom measure, and reporter (parent vs. child). Higher parent-reported cognitive symptom severity at 1 week was significantly associated with higher resilience at 3 months (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.23,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001). Higher resilience at 3 months was associated with lower levels of parent-reported somatic symptom severity (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.14,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.004) and fewer total symptoms (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.135,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.029) at 6 months. Higher resilience at 3 months was associated with fewer child-reported symptoms at 6 months (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.11,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.030) and, reciprocally, fewer child-reported symptoms at 3 months were associated with higher resilience at 6 months (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.22,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001). Notably, injury group was not a significant moderator in cross-lagged models, suggesting that resilience-symptom associations are not specific to mTBI. Psychological resilience and symptoms have bidirectional relationships after injury. Interventions designed to foster resilience have the potential to promote recovery after mTBI specifically and injury more generally.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T04:32:25Z","timestamp":1690173145000},"page":"135-146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Dynamic Relations Between Psychological Resilience and Post-Concussion Symptoms in Children With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Versus Orthopedic Injury: An A-CAP Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian L.","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics, Clinical Neurosciences, and Psychology, and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Neurosciences Program, Calgary, Alberta, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brae Anne","family":"McArthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychology and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam H.","family":"Beauchamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Montreal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, and Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quynh","family":"Doan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Zemek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith Owen","family":"Yeates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the Pediatric Emergency Research Canada A-CAP Study Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004214"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.JNS17352"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2019.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.434"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0925"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.17396"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1203"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2022.03.039"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","first-page":"220","article-title":"A review of psychological issues that may be associated with a sport-related concussion in youth and collegiate athletes","volume":"6","author":"Covassin T","year":"2017","unstructured":"Covassin T, , Elbin R., , Beidler E, et al. 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