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Twenty-three studies utilizing objective neurocognitive tests were included in the analysis. At less than 3 months post-injury, complicated mTBI was associated with poorer cognitive outcomes than uncomplicated mTBI, but deficits were not comparable to those with moderate-severe TBI. After 3 months post-injury, a similar pattern was detected. Beyond 3 months, deficits in complicated mTBI relative to those with uncomplicated mTBI were present in processing speed, memory, executive function, and language, although the latter may be the result of reduced semantic fluency. The effect size of deficits in these domains was more marked in moderate-severe TBI. The available data support the use of complicated mTBI as a distinct classification in the prediction of cognitive outcome. The extent of cognitive deficit in complicated mTBI was small and unlikely to cause significant disability. However, patients with complicated mTBI constitute a broad category encompassing individuals who may differ markedly in the nature and extent of intracranial imaging abnormality, and further studies are warranted. Limitations of the available studies include small, selected samples; variations in TBI severity classification; absence of validity (\u201ceffort\u201d) testing; differing imaging methodology; and lack of long-term follow-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]],"date-time":"2023-03-25T09:43:20Z","timestamp":1679737400000},"page":"1995-2014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Cognitive Outcome After Complicated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Literature Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Hacker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychology Department, and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyrsa","family":"Yasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychology Department, and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Preece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychology Department, and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychology Department, and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychology Department, and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Belli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Paton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychology Department, and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2015.1038747"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2016.1194479"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801013380104"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60214-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1961.00450130006002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.222489"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.0245"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.08.299"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-199309000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4618"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540260310001606728"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390490520328"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2011.565076"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2013.769634"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2012.713984"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617705050277"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2087"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2010.506199"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050600832569"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.12.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acs059"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199009000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borenstein M Hedges LV Higgins JPT et al. 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