{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T12:46:59Z","timestamp":1780663619236,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708992000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Eye tracking assessments are clinician dependent and can contribute to misclassification of coma. We investigated responsiveness to videos with and without audio in traumatic brain injury (TBI) subjects using video eye-tracking (VET). We recruited 20 healthy volunteers and 10 unresponsive TBI subjects. Clinicians were surveyed whether the subject was tracking on their bedside assessment. The Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) was also performed. Eye movements in response to three different 30-second videos with and without sound were recorded using VET. The videos consisted of moving characters (a dancer, a person skateboarding, and Spiderman). Tracking on VET was defined as visual fixation on the character and gaze movement in the same direction of the character on two separate occasions. Subjects were classified as \u201ccovert tracking\u201d (tracking using VET only), \u201covert tracking\u201d (VET and clinical exam by clinicians), and \u201cno tracking\u201d. A k-nearest-neighbors model was also used to identify tracking computationally. Thalamocortical connectivity and structural integrity were evaluated with EEG and MRI. The ability to obey commands was evaluated at 6- and 12-month follow-up. The average age was 29 (\u00b1\u200917) years old. Three subjects demonstrated \u201ccovert tracking\u201d (CRS-R of 6, 8, 7), two \u201covert tracking\u201d (CRS-R 22, 11), and five subjects \u201cno tracking\u201d (CRS-R 8, 6, 5, 6, 7). Among the 84 tested trials in all subjects, 11 trials (13%) met the criteria for \u201ccovert tracking\u201d. Using the k-nearest approach, 14 trials (17%) were classified as \u201ccovert tracking\u201d. Subjects with \u201ctracking\u201d had higher thalamocortical connectivity, and had fewer structures injured in the eye-tracking network than those without tracking. At follow-up, 2 out of 3 \u201ccovert\u201d and all \u201covert\u201d subjects recovered consciousness versus only 2 subjects in the \u201cno tracking\u201d group. Immersive stimuli may serve as important objective tools to differentiate subtle tracking using VET.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T12:59:39Z","timestamp":1692968379000},"page":"646-659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Covert Tracking to Immersive Stimuli in Traumatic Brain Injury Subjects With Disorders of Consciousness"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Aklepi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA."},{"name":"Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Manolovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda E.","family":"Robayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA."},{"name":"The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Sarafraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computational Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Francisco","family":"Blandino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Arwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evie","family":"Sobczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA."},{"name":"Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Bass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA."},{"name":"Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pardis","family":"Ghamasaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA."},{"name":"Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Bola\u00f1os Saavedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA."},{"name":"Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Samano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA."},{"name":"Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Massad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA."},{"name":"Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohan","family":"Kottapally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA."},{"name":"Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amedeo","family":"Merenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA."},{"name":"Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salim","family":"Dib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA."},{"name":"Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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