{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:30:26Z","timestamp":1791441026773,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11-12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Approximately 16% of patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) develop a post-concussion syndrome (PCS) with persistent physical, neurological, and behavioral complaints. PCS has a great impact on a patient's quality of life, often decreases the ability to return to work, and henceforth has a great economic impact. Recent studies suggest that early treatment can greatly improve prognosis and prevent long-term effects in these patients. However, early recognition of patients at high risk of PCS remains difficult. The objective of this systematic review is to assess risk factors associated with the development of PCS, primarily aimed at the group of non-hospitalized patients who were seen with mTBI at the emergency department (ED). We searched PubMed\/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and EMBASE on September 23, 2022, for prospective studies that assessed the risk factors for the development of PCS. Exclusion criteria were: retrospective studies; &gt; 20% computed tomography (CT) abnormalities, &lt;18 years of age, follow-up &lt;4 weeks, severe trauma, and study population &lt;100 patients. The search strategy identified 1628 articles, of which 17 studies met eligibility criteria. Risk factors found in this systematic review are pre-existing psychiatric history, headache at the ED, neurological symptoms at the ED, female sex, CT abnormalities, pre-existent sleeping problems, and neck pain at the ED. This systematic review identified seven risk factors for development of PCS in patients with mTBI. Future research should assess if implementation of these risk factors into a risk stratification tool will assist the emergency physician in the identification of patients at high risk of PCS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T06:09:01Z","timestamp":1708668541000},"page":"1253-1270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Emergency Department Risk Factors for Post-Concussion Syndrome After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Veerle F.","family":"Lubbers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands."},{"name":"Haaglanden Medical Center, the Hague, the Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk J.","family":"van den Hoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Franciscus Gasthuis and Vlietland Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joukje","family":"van der Naalt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Korn\u00e9","family":"Jellema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haaglanden Medical Center, the Hague, the Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crispijn","family":"van den Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands."},{"name":"Elisabeth Tweesteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, the Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbra","family":"Backus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Franciscus Gasthuis and Vlietland Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands."},{"name":"Elisabeth Tweesteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, the Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16501960410023732"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.03.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-018-0495-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.10.954"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.12.1519"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2015.1004755"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2011.03581.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2011.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JNN.0b013e31828a418b"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1516"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00002-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4677"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV. American Psychiatric Association: Washington DC; 1994."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research. World Health Organization: Geneva; 1993."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0185"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040806"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2017.1296193"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00929"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-018-0834-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-023-02284-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4377"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16501960410023877"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.7.JNS17615"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(17)30371-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","unstructured":"Wells GA Shea B O'Connell D. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00868811"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324826an0504_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-199804000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324826AN1003_02"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1998.15.573"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181961da2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.23245"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027888"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2492"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0026"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2003.00552.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.10.106"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43678-020-00076-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0137"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.6.727"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2010.531686"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5486"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-057308"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2020.1802659"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.1.JNS203753"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5257"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050902788543"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.18212"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.3.330"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02688697.2019.1598542"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0003-9993(97)90253-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000720"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780030207"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0895-4356(96)00236-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710000986"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3339"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854040903190797"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2014.903899"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/neu.2023.0302","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2023.0302","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2023.0302","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:43:55Z","timestamp":1777675435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/neu.2023.0302"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11-12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/neu.2023.0302"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2023.0302","relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-7151","1557-9042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-7151","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}}}