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In the eight decades following their initial discovery in 1944, numerous publications have studied the cellular and molecular underpinning of SDs, but fewer have focused on the impact of SDs on behavior and cognition. It is now known that SDs occur in more than 60% of patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), and their presence is associated with poor 6-month outcomes. Since cognitive dysfunction is a key component of TBI pathology and recovery, understanding the impact of SDs on behavior and cognition is an important step in developing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This study summarizes the known behavioral and cognitive consequences of SDs based on historical studies on awake animals, recent experimental paradigms, and modern clinical examples. 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