{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:23:51Z","timestamp":1787963031454,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"17-18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a growing health concern in the context of an aging population. Older adults comprise a distinct population, with an increased vulnerability for mTBI due to comorbid diseases and age-associated frailty compared with the adult population. The aim of this study was to assess the recovery course and determinants of outcome in a large cohort of older patients with mTBI. For this study, 154 patients aged \u226560 years with mTBI admitted to the Emergency Department were investigated in a prospective observational cohort (ReCONNECT study). Demographics and injury characteristics (computed tomography scan, Glasgow Coma Scale) were determined on admission. Early determinants of outcome were assessed at 2 weeks post-injury (e.g., early post-traumatic complaints and emotional distress) with validated questionnaires. Quality of life (QoL) was determined at 3 months with the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale\u2014Shortened Version. Functional outcome was determined at 3 (early) and 6 months (long term) post-injury with the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE). Logistic regression analyses identified predictors of outcome with dichotomized GOSE scores as dependent variable (incomplete recovery was defined by GOSE \u2264 7 and complete recovery by GOSE 8). Complete recovery was observed in 42% of patients at 3 months post-injury without significant sex differences. More early post-traumatic complaints were present in patients with incomplete recovery, compared with patients with complete recovery (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001). Scores on overall QoL, general health-related QoL and all subdomains were lower for patients with incomplete recovery compared with patients with complete recovery (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05). Incomplete recovery at 3 months post-injury was predicted by increased physical frailty and early post-traumatic complaints (Nagelkerke\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 0.25). At 6 months post-injury, 53% of patients had complete recovery with higher frequency in males (60%) compared with females (42%) (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.025). None of the investigated variables significantly predicted long-term outcome at 6 months post-injury (Nagelkerke\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 0.14), which might be explained by the changing cohort characteristics over time due to age-related morbidity. Our results demonstrate that almost half of older patients with mTBI show complete recovery with complaints and physical frailty as predictors of outcome at 3 months post-injury. Recovery still improves after 3 months and further follow-up is necessary to identify other factors that are associated with long-term outcomes in this specific category of patients with mTBI. The recovery course in older patients with mTBI is dynamic and further research on factors associated with long-term outcomes in this specific patient population is imperative to enhance treatment strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2024.0220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T04:02:39Z","timestamp":1733457759000},"page":"1575-1584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Older Adults: Recovery Course and Insights on Early Predictors of Outcome"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8157-5708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikki S.","family":"Thuss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Subdepartment of Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands."},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayra","family":"Bittencourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4967-7739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n A.","family":"Balart-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacoba M.","family":"Spikman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Subdepartment of Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands."},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha M.","family":"Maurits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joukje","family":"van der Naalt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30415-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16501960410023732"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4618"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.08.300"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0185"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2020.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617721000795"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2021.1933915"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000226"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30117-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617722000674"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000368"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5371"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199711000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.091974"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.04.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqu024"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2015.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3275\/7800"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","first-page":"192","article-title":"A short scale for measuring social support in the elderly: The SSL-12-I","volume":"25","author":"van Eijk LM","year":"1994","unstructured":"van Eijk LM, , Kempen GI, , van Sonderen FL. 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